1. FROM THE EARLY TIMES TO NOW

2.  Realism (~ 1865-1914) Cultural Context South : devastation after the Civil War, struggle with Southern heritage and race division; North : growing industrialization and urbanization; mass immigration; westward expansion (completed in the 1890s); discussion of the position of African Americans Women rights Isolation vs Imperialism http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/akh10_int_expansion/ Historical Context 1865 - 13th Amendment passes, permanently outlawing slavery 1866 - Civil Rights Act of 1866 1866 - Ku Klux Klan founded 1870 1870 - 15th Amendment 1903- The 1903 Silent Film by Edwin Porterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bc7wWOmEGGY 1908 - October. Henry Ford introduces the Model T. It sells for about $850 1914 - WWI Authors and Works Henry James (fiction; psychological realism); Kate Chopin (woman-centered fiction); Stephen Crane (naturalist fiction); Samuel Clemens [Mark Twain], Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

3.  From Richard Chase, The American Novel and Its Tradition  “The faithful representation of reality”;  Representation of middle-class life; events and social conditions as they actually are, without idealization;  Focus on the truthful treatment of the common, average, everyday life;  Selective presentation of reality with an emphasis on verisimilitude, even at the expense of a well-made plot;  Character is more important than action and plot;  Complex ethical choices are often the subject;  Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive; Realism -Characteristics

4.  From Richard Chase, The American Novel and Its Tradition  They are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past;  Class is important; the novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of an insurgent middle class. (See Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel );  Events will usually be plausible;  Diction is natural vernacular, not heightened or poetic; tone may be comic, satiric, or matter-of-fact;  Objectivity in presentation becomes increasingly important: overt authorial comments or intrusions diminish as the century progresses., "the redemption of the social world lay with the individual" (75-76). Realism -Characteristics

5.  Characteristics:  Characters and setting set apart from society;  Static characters--no development shown  Universe is mysterious; irrational; incomprehensible  Good receive justice; nature can also punish or reward  universals rather than learned truths  Plot arranged around crisis moments; plot is important  Plot demonstrates  romantic love  honor and integrity  idealism of self  Supernatural foreshadowing (dreams, visions) Romanticism -Characteristics

6.   Emphasis on psychological, optimistic tone, details, pragmatic, practical, slow-moving plot  Rounded, dynamic characters who serve purpose in plot  Characters dictate plot; ending usually open.  Plot=circumstance  Empirically verifiable (world of science)  Time marches inevitably on; small things build up. Climax is not a crisis, but just one more unimportant fact.  Realists--show us rather than tell us  Representative people doing representative things  Events make story plausible  Insistence on experience of the commonplace  Humans are in control of their own destiny and are superior to their circumstances Realism -Characteristics

7.   Other Views of Realism  "The basic axiom of the realistic view of morality was that there could be no moralizing in the novel [... ] The morality of the realists, then, was built upon what appears a paradox--morality with an abhorrence of moralizing. Their ethical beliefs called, first of all, for a rejection of scheme of moral behavior imposed, from without, upon the characters of fiction and their actions. Yet Howells always claimed for his works a deep moral purpose. What was it? It was based upon three propositions: that life, social life as lived in the world Howells knew, was valuable, and was permeated with morality; that its continued health depended upon the use of human reason to overcome the anarchic selfishness of human passions; that an objective portrayal of human life, by art, will illustrate the superior value of social, civilized man, of human reason over animal passion and primitive ignorance" (157). Everett Carter, Howells and the Age of Realism (Philadelphia and New York: Lippincott, 1954). Realism -Characteristics

8.   "Realism sets itself at work to consider characters and events which are apparently the most ordinary and uninteresting, in order to extract from these their full value and true meaning. It would apprehend in all particulars the connection between the familiar and the extraordinary, and the seen and unseen of human nature. Beneath the deceptive cloak of outwardly uneventful days, it detects and endeavors to trace the outlines of the spirits that are hidden there; those measure the changes in their growth, to watch the symptoms of moral decay or regeneration, to fathom their histories of passionate or intellectual problems. In short, realism reveals. Where we thought nothing worth of notice, it shows everything to be rife with significance." -- George Parsons Lathrop, 'The Novel and its Future," Atlantic Monthly 34 (September 1874):313 24. Realism -Characteristics

9.   “Realism is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.” --William Dean Howells, “Editor’s Study,” Harper's New Monthly Magazine (November 1889), p. 966.“Editor’s Study,” Harper's New Monthly Magazine (November 1889)  "Realism, n. The art of depicting nature as it is seen by toads. The charm suffusing a landscape painted by a mole, or a story written by a measuring-worm." --Ambrose Bierce The Devil's Dictionary (1911) Realism -Characteristics

10.   Context and Controversy  In its own time, realism was the subject of controversy; debates over the suitability of realism as a mode of representation led to a critical exchange known as the realism war. (Click here for a brief overview.)(Click here for a brief overview.)  The realism of James and Twain was critically acclaimed in the twentieth century. Howellsian realism fell into disfavor, however, as part of early twentieth century rebellion against the "genteel tradition." For an account of these and other issues, see the realism bibliography and essays by Pizer, Michael Anesko, Richard Lehan, and Louis J. Budd, among others, in the Cambridge Guide to Realism and Naturalism. realism bibliography Realism -Characteristics