1. Vacuum Fundamentals High-Vacuum Technology Course Week 6 Paul Nash HE Subject Leader (Engineering)

2. Vacuum Fundamentals Recap on last session Progress on assignments to date Vacuum Technology

3. Vacuum Fundamentals General requirements: Very low rates of outgassing Tolerant to bakeout temperatures (can be up to 450 o C) Requirements are more stringent as we head to higher vacuum levels Materials for use in a vacuum

4. Vacuum Fundamentals Specific risks: Materials may sublimate in vacuum (transition from solid to gas) Gases can be released from porous materials or cracks/crevices Traces of lubricants and residues from machining may be present on surfaces Materials for use in a vacuum

5. Vacuum Fundamentals Guest Speaker –Dr Nick Singh – VG Scienta Vacuum fittings and accessories Learning Objectives

6. Vacuum Fundamentals Vacuum Fittings and Accessories

7. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals ‘O’ Rings –Made of elastomer materials trapped and compressed between two surfaces –May be fitted into a machined groove in the flange if there is enough room –May be fitted in a special carrier for thin flanges where machining is not possible

8. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals

9. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals ‘O’ Ring in machined groove‘O’ Ring in carrier

10. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals Metal Seals –For very high or low temperatures –Long service life –Require high contact pressures to seal but must have lower hardness than the mating face –Plastic deformation of the material occurs on assembly and they can generally only be used once

11. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals Metal Seals - CONFLAT –Uses a copper gasket – knife edges cut into the copper –Suitable for UHV systems –Must use oxygen-free copper to avoid reaction with hydrogen during bakeout –Clamping must be uniform around the seal

12. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals Metal Seals – Contact Forces and operating temperatures

13. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals Areas to watch for ……… –Elastomers can absorb large quantities of cleaning solvents – avoid this method of cleaning. Remove ‘O’ rings from flanges or carriers before cleaning metalwork in this way –‘O’ Rings should be flexible and have no surface damage or nicks –Store in clean non-static generating bags (ideally) to avoid dust contamination

14. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals Areas to watch for ……… –Avoid touching metal gaskets without gloves –Store in a dust and contamination free environment –Do not use if any damage is evident –Clamping must be uniform –Tightening must be done in a controlled sequence to balance forces

15. Vacuum Fundamentals Joints and Seals Areas to watch for ……… –Avoid heating the system too rapidly to avoid excess stress on gasket or bolts – 150 o C per hour maximum rise –Do not touch knife-edges in order to avoid burrs –Use as few detachable joints as possible –If in doubt, don’t use it!

16. Vacuum Fundamentals Feedthroughs Electrical –In addition to vacuum considerations the curent and voltage also affect material choice –Ceramic feedthroughs (eg. Aluminium Oxide) give good insulation resistance and permit high voltages

17. Vacuum Fundamentals Feedthroughs Issues –High temperatures reduce insulation properties of ceramics and current carrying capacity of wire –Too small clearances can lead to flashovers in the pressure range down to 10 -6 Pa –Feedthroughs are sometimes potted with resins to reduce the risk (select vacuum compatible ones though and ensure they are fully cured)

18. Vacuum Fundamentals Valves A necessary part of most vacuum systems To control flow and provide a ‘shut-off’ capability Three main operating methods –Manual –Electromagnetic –Pneumatic

19. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Rough to medium vacuum –Diaphragm valves Flexible elastomer diaphragm deformed onto a polished ‘seating’ surface by screw action Mechanism seperated from gas path so no contamination to operating parts Choice of diaphragm material dictated by content of process gases Manual operation

20. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Diaphragm Valve

21. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Medium to High Vacuum –Bellows Can be manual, electromagnetic or pneumatic actuation Mechanism seperated from gas path by flexible stainless steel bellows Seal achieved by elastomer ‘O’ ring on ‘seat’ Longer gas path – poorer ‘conductance’

22. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Bellows Valve

23. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Medium to High Vacuum –Gate Valves Can be manual, electrical or pneumatic actuation Seal achieved by balls forcing the two gates apart Large diameter possible No disruption to gas path – good ‘conductance’

24. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Ultra High Vacuum –Must have high conductance, low outgassing and maximum cleanliness –Stainless steel construction –Similar construction to bellows valves but use knife- edge seals on copper pads – CONFLAT system –Precision guidance is necessary to ensure repeatability of seating

25. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Ultra High Vacuum –Bakeable to high temperatures (450 o C) –Can be linked to control systems

26. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Actuation Systems –Manual Requires accesibility to system – not integrated into control system –Electromagnetic Solenoid operated Fast acting Can be linked to control system Can be designed to fail ‘safe’

27. Vacuum Fundamentals Typical Valves Actuation Systems –Pneumatic Operated by compressed air Single-acting – spring return Double-acting – air return Fast acting Can be linked to control system Can be designed to fail ‘safe’ (single-acting)