1. Chapter 11.3
Genetic Changes

2. Mutations Sudden genetic change Point mutations Frameshift mutation
Chromosomal mutation

4. Point Mutation Single base pair in DNA
Ex:
Normal – AUG AAG UUU GGC
Point AUG AAA UUU GGC
Happens at a single point, you point to one thing.

5. Frameshift Mutation Addition or deletion of a single base Ex:
Normal – AUG AAG UUU GGC
Frameshift – AUG AAG UU GGC
Think KEYBOARD

6. Chromosomal Mutation Change in chromosomes
Causing nondisjunction (to many or not enough parts) – failure of chromosomes to separate
Trisomy – extra chromosome
Monosomy – missing chromosomes
Triploidy – an extra set
- plants mostly

7. Source: www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../MUT/Mut.Types.html

8. Mutations
Some mutations can be positive – mutation may make an organism faster, stronger
Mutations may be passed on if it occurs in reproductive cells, will not be passed on however in nonreproductive cells (skin, muscle, or bone.)

9. Mutagen
Any agent that can cause a change in DNA

10. Causes of Mutations (Mutagens)
Error in DNA
Radiation – x-ray exposure, gamma radiation, cosmic rays, UV, nuclear
Chemicals – dioxins, asbestos, benzene, cyanide, formaldehyde, radioactive chemicals

11. Results of Mutations
Birth Defects
Cancer

12. Repairing DNA
Enzymes proofread the DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides with correct ones