1. Fungi (Chapter 28) “a group of diverse and widespread unicellular and multicellular organisms, lacking chlorophyll, usually bearing spores and often filamentous”

2. Fungal Infections last 10 years incidence of serious fungal infections has been increasing nosocomial in nature and impacting the immunocompromised need organic compounds and carbon: energy aerobic or facultatively anaerobic

3. Categories of Fungi Page 410 1) yeasts 2) molds 3) dimorphic fungi

4. Yeasts spherical or oval Figure 28-1 “budding”: parent cell forms a protuberance parent cell’s nucleus divides and one nucleus migrates into the “bud” 1 yeast cell can produce up to 24 daughter cells by “budding” “buds” may form a short chain of cells

5. Molds thallus (body) hyphae (filaments) septa (cross-walls) septate hyphae: hyphae that contain septa

6. Dimorphic Fungi 2 forms of growth in pathogenic species – 1) mold – 2) yeast Mold: hyphae (multicellular) Yeast: buds (unicellular)

7. Dermatomycosis Page 411 caused by dermatophytes infect the epidermis, hair, and nails secrete enzyme: keratinase (degrades keratin, protein found in hair, skin and nails) direct contact, infected hairs and epidermal cells (barber shop clippings, shower room floors) 3 genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton

8. Dermatomycosis (cont’d) 3 genera: Trichophyton: infect hair, skin or nails Microsporum: infects hair or skin Epidermophyton: infects skin and nails Examples of infection: tinea capitis tinea cruris tinea pedis Color Plates: 67 and 68

9. Coccidioidomycosis respiratory disease caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis (extremely virulent) Spores found in dry, alkaline soils in the American Southwest, Mexico and S. America wind carries the spores and transmits the infection (passing through endemic areas can lead to infection) AKA: Posada-Wernicke disease, cocciodioidal granuloma, Valley/California/San Joaquin fever, desert rheumatism, valley bumps,

10. Diagnosis spherules (spores) in tissues or fluids cultures of tissues or lesions laboratory workers: infectious aerosols increasing in California and Arizona – elderly population, droughts, HIV/AIDS

11. Histoplasmosis fungal infection of the respiratory system caused by Histoplasma capsulatum AKA reticuloendothelial cytomycosis, cave disease, spelunker’s disease, Darling’s disease highest incidence: Ohio, Missouri and Missippi Delta found in bird droppings and bats airborne spores enter ventilation systems infected host asymptomatic, can become systemic and fatal (COPD)

12. Candidiasis bacterial microbiota (genitourinary tract and mouth) usually suppress infection not affected by antibacterial drugs changes in normal mucosal pH encourage growth (antibiotic therapy) Readings question #1: What microorganisms cause candidiasis? How may this infection appear in infants? What is it called? Color Plate 69

13. Cryptococcosis Page 413 AKA fungal meningitis, cryptococcal meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans spherical cells that reproduce by “budding” have thick polysaccharide capsules found in soil, pigeon roosts and nests transmitted by inhalation of dried droppings Figure 28 – 2 usually subclinical unless “high risk” if systemic: brain and meninges

14. Brain Tissue with Cavities

15. Aspergillosis Readings question #2: What is the causative fungus? Where is it found? How is it spread? What are the symptoms for the disease?

16. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) Page 415 caused by Pneumocystic carinii (P. jiroveci) found in healthy human lungs high infection rate in general population but “high risk” have few or no symptoms reside in lining of the alveoli diagnosis: sputum samples (cysts from bronchoalveolar lavage)

17. Readings Question #3 How is the disease PCP spread? What are its symptoms? Is it potentially fatal? (If yes, how does death occur?)