1. Crustaceamorph stem line Precambrian (>542 mya) Paleozoic (542-251 mya) Mesozoic (251-65 mya) Cenozoic (65-present) Trilobita Chelicerata Myriapoda Hexapoda Modern crustacea Arthropoda

2. Rupert et al. fig 21-23 Collembola EntognathaInsecta Hexapoda Thysanura “Apterygota” Pterygota EphemeropteraOdonata Neoptera

3. Plecoptera Orthoptera Phasmida Grylloblattaria Dermaptera Zoraptera Isoptera Mantodea Blattaria Hemipteroids Heteroptera Sternorrhyncha Auchenorrhyncha Psocoptera Thysanoptera Holometabola Anoplura Mallophaga

4. Zoraptera Tropical Live in rotting wood Eat fungal hyphae, tiny arthropods Poorly studied

5. Isoptera - termites WorkerSoldierQueen Caste system within termite colonies Workers tend the colony, gather food Soldiers cannot feed themselves, they have a nozzle-shaped snout for exuding noxious chemicals; defend colony from ant attack. Queens add a set of ovaries with each molt → very high fecundity (1000’s/day); >1 Queen/colony; kings resemble large worker and mate repeatedly with queens

6. Termites Several kinds of termites based on diet –Subterranean* (live up to 20 ft underground) –Soil-feeding –Drywood* –Dampwood –Grass-feeding * Types that infest and eat human buildings

7. Termites All termites eat cellulose –Cellulose has high energy, but difficult to digest –Gut bacteria have cellulase –Gut protozoa have symbiotic bacteria in their guts –Some “higher” termites (subterranean) can produce cellulase, but they still also have a rich gut flora to aid in cellulose digestion

8. Mantodea – the mantids

10. Raptorial first legs (“praying”) (also preying!) Mobile neck joint 3 extra eye on top of head Sexual cannibalism: females eats male during copulation to get food and enhance sexual performance (tonus and locomotion of abdominal activity)

12. Blattaria – the cockroaches Aka blattodea Have mobile neck joint A few feed on wood and have endosymbiotic flagellates (like isopterans) Fast runners!

13. Neoptera Plecoptera Orthoptera Phasmida Grylloblattaria Dermaptera Zoraptera Isoptera Mantodea Blattaria Hemipteroids Heteroptera Sternorrhyncha Auchenorrhyncha Psocoptera Thysanoptera Holometabola Anoplura Mallophaga

14. Hemipteroids Have piercing, sucking mouthparts

15. Hemipteroids In days of old… –O Hemiptera, O Homoptera Current thinking: O Heteroptera = true bugs O Sternorryncha = aphids, scale insects O Auchenorryncha = leaf hoppers, tree hoppers, plant hoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs Many hemipteroids are important crop pests

16. Heteroptera: true bugs

17. Sternorryncha Both aphids and scale insects are important crop pests Both form mutualistic interactions with ants (produce honeydew in exchange for protection)

18. Auchenorryncha

19. Psocoptera: bark lice, book lice Live in humid crevices and feed on fungi (under bark, old musty books)

20. Other lice O Anoplura – sucking lice of mammals –Often host-specific e.g. human crab louse, human head louse

21. Other lice O Mallophaga – chewing lice –All non-anopluran lice (polyphyletic) –Mostly found on birds

22. Thysanoptera -thrips Suctorial mouthparts Common in flowers (serve as pollinators) Vectors of disease on some crops Fringed wings

23. Neoptera Plecoptera Orthoptera Phasmida Grylloblattaria Dermaptera Zoraptera Isoptera Mantodea Blattaria Hemipteroids Heteroptera Sternorrhyncha Auchenorrhyncha Psocoptera Thysanoptera Holometabola Anoplura Mallophaga

24. Holometabula Development: larva to pupa to adult