1. MT. EVEREST CLASS PRESENTATION
Into Thin Air
by Jon Krakauer

2. David Esca and Hannah May
Who is John Krakauer?
David Esca and Hannah May

3. Who is Jon Krakauer Born April 12, 1954 in Brookline Massachusetts
Attended Hampshire University in Massachusetts
Married Linda Moore in 1980
American writer and mountaineer
Writer for outdoor magazine
Author of many best selling books

4. Why Jon Krakauer is Important
Krakauer climbed a new route on devils thumb in Alaska
He completed some small climbs but is most known for the climb of Everest
His famous Everest climb ended in a disaster for many people
He made it to the top of Everest
Hes a very famous author that tells all of the stories and things that took place on his expedition

5. What and Where are the Himalayas?

6. What Are The Himalayas?
The Himalayas are a mountain range that contains over 100 mountains.
Has over 1,500 glaciers.
Highest peak is Mt. Everest at an estimated 29,000 feet.

7. Where Are The Himalayas?
Covers an estimated amount of 1,500 miles and passes through six countries
It is separated into three sections; outer ranges, middle ranges and the greater Himalayas
3 of the worlds largest
rivers run through it.

8. Geology, Elevation, and Climate
What is Mt Everest?
Geology, Elevation, and Climate

9. Elevation and Climate
-The elevation of Mt. Everest is 29,035 feet above sea level
-Mt. Everest touches the top of the troposphere
-Atmospheric pressure 346 MB (millibars), pressure at sea level MB
-Temperature always at freezing
-A lot of wind, speeds up to 175 MPH

10. Geology Granite rock Metamorphic rock
Used to be at the bottom of Tethys sea over
400 million years ago
Everest is divided in three units called “Formations”

11. Tanner Lewis and Daisy Keech
Notable Expeditions
Tanner Lewis and Daisy Keech

12. First Known Expedition
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, were the first people to reach peak of Mt. Everest
They could only stay for 15 minutes before they had to set off due to low oxygen

13. Deadliest Day on Mt. Everest
Avalanche on April 18, 2014; Occured west shoulder of Everest
Knocked people down and killed 16 climbers
This disaster caused the most deaths on Everest in one expedition

14. What does it cost to Climb Mt. Everest?
Training and Costs

15. Training In order to climb Mt. Everest, you need to: Be in good shape
Have a strong upper body
Gain a noticeable amount of weight
Need to practice for cardiovascular training for 12 months straight
Can't have any cuts or sickness
Have the right materials

16. Cost to climb Mt. Everest
Starts at about $35,000
$10,000 for mountains permit
Pay guiding companies about $65,000
Group of climbers cost about $70,000

17. What are the paths to the summit and how do they differ?

18. Southeast Ridge Easiest route Starts in Nepal Total of 4 camps (not
including basecamp)
The most frequently used route
Successfully climbed 1140 times
with 80 fatalities, giving it a fatality rate of 7%
Khumbu Icefall is considered the most dangerous part of the journey, but many climbers have also climbers have also died by falling into a crevasse on the Lhotse Face

19. North Ridge Starts in Nepal Total of 4 camps (not including basecamp)
Successfully climbed 655
times with 62 fatalities, giving
it a fatality rate of 9%
Most deaths are from
avalanches on the North Col, or falling off the
Northeast Ridge and down the ledges of the Yellow Band

20. 8000 Meter Peaks
What are they?

21. Expeditions of the 14 Peaks
14 mountains that are more than 8000m above sea level
1st attempt by Albert F. Mummery and J. Norman Coille attempted Nanga Pailbat in 1895 but were killed in an avalanche
June 3rd, 1950 was the 1st successful climb by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal who climbed Annapurna
Reinhold Messner was 1st to climb all 14 mountains- October 16th, 1986
As of 2011, 26 people have climbed all 14 peaks successfully
Gerlindo Kallenbrumer was 1st woman to climb all 14 peaks without supplementary oxygen

22. The 7 Summits South America- Aconcugua (6,961m)
7 Summits are the highest mountains on each of the seven continents
South America- Aconcugua (6,961m)
Europe- Mount Elbrus (5,642m)
Asia- Mt. Everest (8,848m)
North America- Mt. Mckinley (6,194m)
Africa- Kilimanjaro (5,895m)
Antarctica- Mt. Vinja (4,892m)
Australia- Puncak Jaya (4,884m)

23. Who are the Sherpa?

24. SHERPA सगरमाथा Ethnic group in Eastern Nepal Population around 152,000
Speak Sharpa and Nepali languages
93% of the religion is Tibetan Buddhism

25. SHERPA Sherpa have immigrated to the U.S mostly to NYC
Sherpas have a high risk of avalanches
Sherpas are well known for their culture in native land
The word “sherpa” mean eastern people
Sherpas were farmers and traders that adapted well to high altitudes

26. Who is George Leigh Mallory?

27. Who is George Leigh Mallory?
He was an English mountaineer.
In the 1920’s he was part of an British expedition
to Everest.
Him and his partner Andrew Irvine attempted
the first ascent up Everest.
On their ascent they disappeared and their
Bodies weren’t found for 75 years.

28. Who is Sir Edmund Hillary?

29. What was his life like? Born July 20th, 1919 in Auckland, New Zealand
Grew up in a small village
called Takau
Time Magazine named him one
of the most influential people of
the 20th Century

30. What’d He Do?d2
He was the the first to climb everest w/ Tibetan Climber Tenzing Norgay in 1953
His first major climb was
mount oliver at age 20
He lived a troubled life,
unfortunately his wife and
youngest daughter died in a
plane crash in 1975

31. Who is Tenzing Norgay?

32. Who is Tenzing Norgay?
He was one of the first two individuals known to have reached the summit of Mt. Everest alongside Sir Edmund Hillary
They had success in reaching the top after 6 tries.
He is a Nepali Indian Sherpa mountaineer.

33. Why is he important?
In 1953 he took part in John Junt’s expedition. When a member of the team, Edmund Hillary, who fell into a crevasse, Tenzing Norgay saved him from hitting the bottom
He received a George medal
from Queen Elizabeth for his efforts.
After climbing Everest, he be-
came the first director of field
training for the Himalayan Mountaineering
institute.

34. Who is Rob Hall?

35. Life of Rob Hall Born January 14, 1961 Died May 11,1996
He died of Hypothermia
Mountaineering guide
From New Zealand
Best known for his 1996 expedition
Successfully guided 39 climbers to the summit of
Mount Everest before 1996
He climbed the seven summits in seven months
He charged 65,000 for a guided expedition to the
summit of Everest, per client

36. On the 1996 expedition he had 8 climbers and 3 guides
Rob Hall died on the mountain
May 11 is when Rob Hall reached summit in 1996

37. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema?
What is H.A.P.E.
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema?

38. What is High Altitude Pulmonary Edema?
accumulation of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs
due to leaky capillaries
stops airflow of oxygen in the lungs
symptoms start gradually within the first 2-4 days at altitude
the more fluid accumulated, the worse the symptoms
symptoms such as bloody cough, chest tightness or congestion, & severe weakness
low oxygen in body & bluish appearance of the skin
x-ray can confirm fluid in the lungs
patients progress to unconsciousness, coma, & death

39. How Can You Treat H.A.P.E?
rest, administration of oxygen, descent to lower altitude
if diagnosed early enough, recovery is rapid with a descent of only m
portable hyperbaric chambers are used if the person

40. High Altitude Cerebral Edema
What is H.A.C.E.
High Altitude Cerebral Edema

41. What are side effects of H.A.C.E? How many types of H.A.C.E are there?
Swelling in the brain at high altitudes
Symptoms of confusion and feeling intoxicated
How many types of H.A.C.E are there?
4 types (Vasogenic, Cytotoxic, Osmotic, interstitial)

42. You can treat it with a steroid called Dexamethasone
How do you treat H.A.C.E?
You can treat it with a steroid called Dexamethasone
The person must be lowered in altitude and have oxygen therapy with a device called a Gamow

43. Recommended Gear on Everest

44. Gear Helmet Goggles Hat Boots Base Layers Mountaineering Suit
Oxygen Tank
Crampons
Backpack
Ice Axe
Face/Neck Gaiter

45. Other Gear
Campsite
Food
2 Way Communication
Sleeping Bag