1. Writing to Argue

2. CLAIM-EVIDENCE-WARRANT Step 1. Make a claim about a topic or a text. Step 2. Support the claim with relevant and sufficient evidence. Step 3. Tie it all together with valid reasoning. Warrant evidence with commentary that explains how the evidence proves the claim.

3. Toulmin Method: Example Claim: Don’t eat that mushroom. Don’t eat that mushroom. Because it is poisonous. Since eating poisonous things is dangerous. Evidence: It’s poisonous. Warrant: Eating poisonous things is dangerous.

4. A Well-Supported Argument May Contain Textual Support Other Kinds of Support Counterargument Description Quotes Paraphrase Summary Facts Statistics Expert Testimony Reliable Sources Personal Anecdotes Others’ Experiences Comparison & Contrast Response to anticipated argument(s) from readers of their own judgments Response to the objections that a reader might have for the writer’s argument

5. Minimum Guidelines by Topic (generally for body paragraphs) Claim Explanation Evidence 1 Warrant 1 Evidence 2 Warrant 2 Address Counterargument Red Bow Conclusion

6. Minimum Guidelines by Topic (generally for body paragraphs) Claim (Topic Sentence) – approx. 1 sentence Explanation – approx. 1 sentence Evidence (elaboration techniques) – approx. 1 sentence Textual Evidence Authoritative Quotations Facts/Statistics Definitions Witness Statements Expert Testimony Counterargument Repetition Warrant 1 – MIN. 2-3 sentences Evidence 2 – approx. 1 sentence Warrant 2 – approx. 1 sentence Address Counterarguments – if you haven’t already done so within your warrants Red Bow Conclusion – wrap it all up in a concluding statement

7. Types of Evidence Textual Evidence Authoritative Quotations Facts/Statistics Definitions Witness Statements Expert Testimony Counterargument Repetition

8. Textual Evidence Use direct examples and/or quotes from a text Correctly cite source: MLA Format for English, Social Studies, Humanities APA Format for Sciences, Math EX: Fitzgerald tells readers that many people arrived at Gatsby's parties without an invitation, bringing with them only "a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission" (41).

9. Authoritative Quotations Use a source with credibility. Ex: According to a Consumer Report article on May 29th…

10. Facts and Statistics Use specific facts and VERIFIABLE statistics. Ex: The earth is polluted. Ex: Approximately one-fourth of the town’s citizens…

11. Definitions Explain unfamiliar words or content area terms. Ex: A derivative, a word created by using a word part, is frequently used to teach those learning new words.

12. Witness Statements Used when someone has seen an action occur. Ex: The observer stated that he actually saw the lady…

13. Expert Testimony Find an expert in the field and explain their support. Ex: Dr. Robert Marzano researched the factors that impact vocabulary retention.

14. Counterargument Recognize the “other side” of your argument. Ex: – I realize most… – However… – On the other hand…

15. Repetition/Anaphora Use for a convincing effect – not to fill space. Usually in famous speeches. Ex: I have a dream… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAMLOnS NwzA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAMLOnS NwzA Start video at 40 seconds

16. Writing the Essay: FLEE MAP Idea 1: Least Important Idea 2: Middle Importance Idea 3: Most Important Evidence 1 Warrant Evidence 1 Evidence 2 Warrant Counterargument Warrant Evidence 2 Warrant Counterargument Evidence 1 Warrant Evidence 2 Warrant Counterargument introduction Conclusion Textual support

17. Practice Summer was originally created for families who owned farms and needed their children’s help during crop season. Argue whether or not summer is still valuable to families. ABC Summer