1. Transportation Economics AG BM 102

3. Introduction Transportation costs are a defining issue for rural America Far from markets, far from source of purchased inputs - Alaska It makes farming in isolated areas less profitable Lowers land prices

4. Efficient Organization within Market Areas How big should schools be? How big should hospitals be? How big should milk plants be?

7. Area in circle grows with square of radius Therefore cost of getting more goods increases, but at a decreasing rate. The last mile gained more new area than the one before Amount of output per square mile affects collection or distribution costs – Red line is Midwest (no mountains) Blue - PA

9. Consolidating Schools Bigger school can offer more programs Efficiencies of administration Richer curriculum Have a better football team But students must come farther Long rides on a school bus

10. Economics of hospitals Small hospitals very expensive to run Surplus beds Lack of specialized doctors Insurance costs Big hospitals require more patient travel Plus travel for their families Helicopter Hotel stays

11. Grocery stores Large stores have more inventory Can have more non-foods Efficiencies of management Customers must travel farther Supermarkets killed corner grocery (and small town grocery) Further growth created convenience stores

12. Market Boundaries Transport costs create captive markets They also create logical market boundaries Consider two factories each paying $9/ cwt. for potatoes at the plant gate If market B wants more milk raises price and boundary moves

15. Concluding Comments Once you understand transport costs some things in rural America make more sense How many feed mills are needed? How many milk plants? How many Sheetz stores? Transportation costs are real and sizeable They affect behavior in predictable ways