1. Telegragher’s Equations Group - A

2. Usman Nofal Kh. Muhammad Mashood Khawaja Muhammad Abdul Rahman Abdullah Amin Yahya Ahmad Syeda Sana Zafar Taimoor Tahir Mehwish Anwar Ali Zargham Saqib Javed Osama Dastgir Mallick Faisal Naseer Muhammad Rameez

3. Set of coupled, Linear Differential Equations. They give information about voltage and current in an electrical transmission line. They depend on distance (x) and time (t).

4. Imagine two ICs as shown:- When the voltage at A changes state, does that new voltage at B changes simultaneously? No, of course NOT. Due to Propagation delays which is not ignorable in long transmission lines.

5. The propagation of voltage signals is modeled as Transmission Line. Transmission Line Equations are used to show that voltage and current can propagate along a Transmission Line as waves. Fantastic!

6. For a small segment  x

7. R’  z L’  z G’  z C’  z zz V(z) i(z+  z) V(z+  z) + - + - Voltage resonates between inductor and capacitor. This effect passes on. Resistor contribute only for the loss in the lines.

9. For 1 st Telegrapher Equation we apply KVL, we get:- By manipulation we get:- First order telegrapher’s equation for voltage

10. First order telegrapher’s equation for current

15. Complex Propagation Constant Velocity of Phase Lossy Transmission Lines Lossless Transmission Lines Impedence of Transmission Lines Amplifier Can be used as Amplifier? No, if this happen the waves will go on amplifying and will be very difficult to handle.

22. The transmission line model can be used to solve many types high frequency problem, either exactly or approximately: Coaxial cable Two-wire Microstrip, stripline, coplanar waveguide, etc.

23. Questions