1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food not just for plants, but ultimately for every animal on the planet as well.

3. Photosynthesis needs:
chlorophyll (in chloroplasts of leaves)
carbon dioxide (from the air)
water (from the soil) (carried by the xylem)
sunlight energy

4. Photosynthesis produces:
glucose (which can be stored as starch) (transported around plant by phloem)
Oxygen (by-product)
Formula for Photosynthesis:

5. Where does Photosynthesis take place?
As you can see there are two kinds of mesophyll cells - palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. The mesophyll cells contain tiny bodies called chloroplasts which contain a green chemical called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the light energy from sunlight to be converted into chemical energy for the photosynthesis reaction.
Chloroplast
Internal Structure of a leaf

6. Electron Micrograph of a chloroplast in the Mesophyll Cells of the Leaf
Photosynthesis involves 2 steps: Both steps take place in the Chloroplasts of the mesophyll cells
Leaf tissue
Light Dependent Phase
Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll.
Water (H2O) is split, oxygen is released and the hydrogen joins into a hydrogen carrier molecule.
Energy is released
Takes place in the Grana (membranes) of the chloroplast
Light Independent Phase
Hydrogen + Energy combine with carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates in the form of glucose
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast

7. The Photosynthesis Equation
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H
(1 molecule of glucose)
It must be balanced
i.e. the same number of atoms on each side of the equation

8. A Summary

9. Factors limiting photosynthesis
The speed at which photosynthesis takes place depends on :
Light
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide Level

10. Factors limiting Photosynthesis
Without enough light a plant cannot photosynthesise very fast, even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide. Increasing the light intensity will make photosynthesis faster.
Sometimes photosynthesis is limited by the level of carbon dioxide. Even if there is plenty of light a plant cannot photosynthesise if it has run out of carbon dioxide.
Temperature can be a limiting factor too. If it gets too cold the rate of photosynthesis will slow right down; equally, plants cease to be able to photosynthesise if it gets too hot.

11. If you plot the rate of photosynthesis against the levels of these three limiting factors you get graphs like the ones below.

12. Maximising Growth
Understanding the factors that limit photosynthesis enables greenhouse farmers to maximise the conditions for plant growth. They often use paraffin lamps inside the greenhouse because burning paraffin produces carbon dioxide as well as heat, and so makes photosynthesis proceed faster. They may also use artificial light to enable photosynthesis to continue beyond daylight hours.

13. Day or Night?