2. A. Structure of a Chloroplast 1. has an inner and an outer membrane. 2. The inner membrane encloses a thick fluid called stroma. a. Suspended in the stroma are many disk- shaped sacs called thylakoids. b. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana c. Photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membranes, and in the stroma 3. Chlorophyll is a green pigment in the chloroplast that captures the sunlight to use during photosynthesis

4. B. Overview of Photosynthesis 1. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O →→→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 2. Occurs in 2 main stages a. Light reaction b. The Calvin Cycle 3. 1 st step of energy flow through an ecosystem 4. It is the ultimate source of all food we eat and air we breathe

5. A. Light energy and Pigments 1. Electromagnetic Spectrum a. Describes light waves based on their wavelength b. The visible light are the only wavelengths we can see- ROY G BIV

6. 2. Pigments a. Gives a substance color b. You see color when light shines on a substance and reflects that visible wavelength back to your eye for you to see. c.The pigment chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths very well. It does not absorb green light.

8. B. The Light Reactions 1.Converts sun light energy into chemical energy H 2 O + sunlight → ATP + NADPH + O 2 2. Occurs in the membrane of the thylakoid 3. Requires light to begin

9. 4. Steps in light reactions 1 st step: chlorophyll captures sunlight energy 2 nd step: “water splitting photosystem”- chloroplasts use the sun’s energy to remove electrons from H 2 O by “splitting” the water. (O 2 is the waste product and escapes through holes in the leaves called stomata)

10. 3 rd step: “NADPH- producing photosystem”- chloroplasts use the H + and e - to make NADPH and the sun light to make ATP. The ETS moves e - from the water splitting photosystem to the NADPH producing photosystem.

12. A. The Calvin Cycle 1. Uses the energy from NADPH to make glucose 2. This happens in the stroma 3. This does not require light to begin

13. 4. Makes 3- carbon compounds called G3P. 5. The plant cell uses G3P to make glucose 6. Must go through the cycle many times during photosynthesis CO 2 + ATP + NADPH → C 6 H 12 O 6

15. Task List pg. 233 picture in notes Test correction & reflection for BOTH Ch. 7 tests!  get signed for Thursday Color & add captions on handout HW: Read 8.3 & G.R.

16. A. Carbon Cycle 1.Consumers release CO 2 into atmosphere during cellular respiration  producers remove CO 2 2.Producers remove CO 2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis  consumers eat producers

17. B. Greenhouse Effect 1. More CO 2 is being put into the atmosphere than is being removed by producers 2. The excess gasses get trapped in the atmosphere and heated by sunlight. 3. The heated gasses increase the overall temperature of the earth and atmosphere

18. C. Factors that affect photosynthesis 1. Temperature- enzymes work best between 0-35 ℃ 2. Light Intensity 3. Water Availability 4. pH of soil & water (acid rain) CO 2 availability