2. 8.2 Photosynthesis Pages222-227

3. LEQ: How is energy, which ultimately comes from the sun, transformed into useable energy?

4. Introduction to Photosynthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp &NR=1&v=zEgIO9Kq2_Y

5. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process of turning light energy into chemical energy!

6. Chemical Equation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpPwmvt DjWw

7. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in TWO phases. 1.Light-dependent reactions 2.Light-independent reactions (Dark reactions)

8. Remember our “reactants” 1.Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 2.Water (H20) 3.Energy (sunlight)

9. Where does everything come from? The CO2 is in the Atmosphere and enters the plant through small openings on the back of leaves called Stomata. The Stomata is where Gas exchange occurs. CO2 in O2 out

10. Where does everything come from? The Water (H20) comes from the soil absorbed by the plants roots.

11. Where does everything come from? The Light Energy is captured by Chloroplasts.

12. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts capture light energy and are found mainly in the LEAVES.

13. !REVIEW! What are the 3 reactants and how do they get into a plant? 1.WATER----The roots 2.Carbon Dioxide---The stomata 3.Light---The chloroplast. Is photosynthesis Catabolic or Anabolic??

14. What organelle does photosynthesis take place in? Chloroplast

15. Inside the chloroplast. thylakoids – saclike photosynthetic membranes grana – stacks of thylakoids stroma – space outside the thylakoids

16. obtain How plants obtain energy Thylakoids have light-absorbing colored molecules called PIGMENTS Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a & b = blue/green Xanthophyll Xanthophyll = yellow Carotenoids Carotenoids = orange/red Anthocyanin Anthocyanin = red/purple

17. The principle pigment in plants is chlorophyll that’s why plants appear green!!

18. Ok now we have all the reactants….Lets make some SUGAR!! This is where it starts to get confusing so listen up!!

19. The Two Phases of Photosynthesis Phase I - Light Dependent Reaction (occurs in thylakoids) –Light energy is absorbed and TRANSFORMED to chemical energy Rember Chemical energy is ATP!!

20. transform How plants transform energy Thylakoid membranes are embedded with electron transporting molecules. These molecules are involved in the light-dependent reactions.

21. Step 1: Photosystem II 1.Light excites electrons found in thylakoid (moving them to a higher energy level). 2.To replenish the deficit of electrons from this step, more electrons are extracted from water (roots)

22. Light-Dependent Reactions Occur in the thylakoid Photosystem II Inputs: Light + H 2 O Outputs: H + + Oxygen gas **Excited electrons (H + ) move to the Electron Transport Chain of proteins Step 1

23. Step 2: Electron Transport Chain 1.Photoexcited electrons travel to photosystem I via a chain of proteins set in the thylakoid membrane. 2.This energy is harnessed as hydrogen ions (H + ).

24. Light-Dependent Reactions Occur in the thylakoid Electron Transport Chain Inputs: H + Outputs: H + and electrons **Now they are on their way to Photosystem I Step 2

25. Step 3: Photosystem I 1.Photo-excitation of electrons occurs again and this time energy is trapped in a molecule of NADPH when H + combines with the electron acceptor NADP + (think of it as an empty taxi) 2.ATP (the energy used in chemical reactions) is formed

26. Light-Dependent Reactions Occur in the thylakoid Photosystem I Inputs: More light energy, H+, NADP+ (like an empty taxi) Outputs: NADPH and ATP **ATP & NADPH enter the Calvin cycle Step 3

27. transform How plants transform energy At the same time… 1.H + from the H 2 O split accumulate inside the thylakoid (ETC) chemical energy 2.H + then move outside (chemiosmosis) where they are used to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a form of chemical energy used to carry out cell processes.

28. Warm-up is on your desk! Do questions #8 and #10

29. Video Clip Explaining Phase I of Photosynthesis – Light Dependent Reactions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi2_n2wb B9o&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi2_n2wb B9o&feature=player_embedded

30. What you NEED to Know! At the end of Phase I, the plant has made 1.ATP (energy) 2.NADPH (electron carrier) 3.O2 (oxygen)

31. The Two Phases of Photosynthesis Phase II - Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle) (occurs in stroma) –NADPH and ATP that were formed during light dependent reactions are used to make glucose

32. transform How plants transform energy Calvin Cycle converts carbon dioxide into sugar using the NADPH & ATP energy from the light- dependent reactions.

33. Light independent (Calvin Cycle) 1.ATP and NADPH contain a high amount of energy, but are short stores (no longer than a few minutes). 2.So plants use the ATP and NADPH to build high-energy compounds that can be stored.

34. The Calvin Cycle 1.Does not require light. 2.6 carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the atmosphere 3.ATP & NADPH powers the conversion to high-E forms

35. Reactants & products 1.The Calvin Cycle uses 6 molecules of CO 2 to produce a single 6-Carbon sugar molecule called glucose. 2.Uses for sugars include: form starches & cellulose. When other organisms eat plants, they can also use the energy stored in carbohydrates.

36. And Now a boring person explaining it

37. Summary of Photosynthesis Light Reactions Inputs: Light Water Outputs: ATP NADPH Oxygen (O2) OCCURS IN THYLOKOID Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) Inputs: ◦ ATP ◦ NADPH ◦ CO2 Outputs: ◦ Sugars OCCURS IN THE STROMA

38. Summary Phase IPhase II

39. Let’s review… Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions

40. What materials come into the chloroplast that are used in the light-dependent reactions?

41. What material comes into the chloroplast that is used by the Calvin Cycle?

42. What material moves out of the chloroplast from the light-dependent reactions?

43. What materials move out of the chloroplast from the Calvin Cycle?

44. What materials move from the light- dependent reactions to the Calvin Cycle?

45. What materials move from the Calvin Cycle back to the light-dependent reactions?

46. Factors that can affect photosynthesis 1. Amount of water 2. Temperatures 3. Light Intensity 4. Amount of CO2

47. Alternative Pathways C4 Plants- When water is scarce these plants keep there stomata closed. So instead of fixing carbon into 3-carbon compounds they do 4. CAM Plants-Only open there stomata at night

48. And Now………. THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS RAP! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKS SH4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode =1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKS SH4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode =1&safe=active

49. A. chloroplasts B. Golgi apparatus C. mitochondria D. vacuoles Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Chapter 8

50. A. They accelerate photosynthesis. B. They release more oxygen. C. They help the plant conserve water. D. They reduce the requirement for ATP. How are the C 4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants? Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Chapter 8

52. STOP! Using the cards provided, at your lab table, assemble the equation for photosynthesis with your lab partner(s). On a piece of paper, each person should draw a diagram of a plant showing the typical inputs and outputs of the photosynthetic process with your lab partner (s). Write the equation for photosynthesis on the paper as well.

53. The Photosynthesis Song GET READY TO DANCE!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKS SH4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode =1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKS SH4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode =1&safe=active