1. Projective Geometry Pam Todd Shayla Wesley

2. Summary Conic Sections Conic Sections Define Projective Geometry Define Projective Geometry Important Figures in Projective Geometry Important Figures in Projective Geometry Desargues’ Theorem Desargues’ Theorem Principle of Duality Principle of Duality Brianchon’s Theorem Brianchon’s Theorem Pascal’s Theorem Pascal’s Theorem

3. Conic Sections a conic section is a curved locus of points, formed by intersecting a cone with a plane a conic section is a curved locus of points, formed by intersecting a cone with a plane Two well-known conics are the circle and the ellipse. These arise when the intersection of cone and plane is a closed curve. Conic Sections 2 Conic Sections 2 Conic Sections 2 Conic Sections 2

4. What is Projective Geometry? Projective geometry is concerned with where elements such as lines planes and points either coincide or not. Projective geometry is concerned with where elements such as lines planes and points either coincide or not. Can be thought of informally as the geometry which arises from placing one's eye at a point. That is, every line which intersects the "eye" appears only as a point in the projective plane because the eye cannot "see" the points behind it. Can be thought of informally as the geometry which arises from placing one's eye at a point. That is, every line which intersects the "eye" appears only as a point in the projective plane because the eye cannot "see" the points behind it.

5. Beginnings Artists had a hard time portraying depth on a flat surface Artists had a hard time portraying depth on a flat surface Knew their problem was geometric so they began researching mathematical properties on spatial figures as the eye sees them Knew their problem was geometric so they began researching mathematical properties on spatial figures as the eye sees them Filippo Brunelleschi made the 1 st intensive efforts & other artists followed Filippo Brunelleschi made the 1 st intensive efforts & other artists followed

6. Leone Battista Alberti 1404-1472 1404-1472 Thought of the surface of a picture as a window or screen through which the artist views the object to be painted Thought of the surface of a picture as a window or screen through which the artist views the object to be painted Proposed the following procedure: interpose a glass screen between yourself and the object, close one eye, and mark on the glass the points that appear to be on the image. The resulting image, although two- dimensional, will give a faithful impression of the three-dimensional object. Proposed the following procedure: interpose a glass screen between yourself and the object, close one eye, and mark on the glass the points that appear to be on the image. The resulting image, although two- dimensional, will give a faithful impression of the three-dimensional object.

7. Leone Battista Alberti Since we are free to move our eye and the position of the screen, we have many different two-dimensional representations of the three- dimensional object. An interesting problem, raised by Alberti himself, is to recognize the common properties of all these different representations. Since we are free to move our eye and the position of the screen, we have many different two-dimensional representations of the three- dimensional object. An interesting problem, raised by Alberti himself, is to recognize the common properties of all these different representations.

8. Gerard Desargues 1593-1662 1593-1662 Wrote Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone Wrote Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone The book is short, but very dense. It begins with pencils of lines and ranges of points on a line, considers involutions of six points gives a rigorous treatment of cases involving 'infinite' distances, and then moves on to conics, showing that they can be discussed in terms of properties that are invariant under projection. The book is short, but very dense. It begins with pencils of lines and ranges of points on a line, considers involutions of six points gives a rigorous treatment of cases involving 'infinite' distances, and then moves on to conics, showing that they can be discussed in terms of properties that are invariant under projection.

9. Desargues’ Famous Theorem DESARGUES THEOREM: If corresponding sides of two triangles meet in three points lying on a straight line, then corresponding vertices lie on three concurrent lines DESARGUES THEOREM: If corresponding sides of two triangles meet in three points lying on a straight line, then corresponding vertices lie on three concurrent lines Desargues Theorem, Three Circles Theorem using Desargues Theorem Desargues Theorem, Three Circles Theorem using Desargues Theorem Desargues TheoremThree Circles Theorem using Desargues Theorem Desargues TheoremThree Circles Theorem using Desargues Theorem

10. Gaspard Monge 1746-1818 1746-1818 Invented descriptive geometry (aka representing three- dimensional objects in a two-dimensional plane) Invented descriptive geometry (aka representing three- dimensional objects in a two-dimensional plane)

11. Jean-Victor Poncelet 1788-1867 1788-1867 studied conic sections and developed the principle of duality independently of Joseph Gergonne studied conic sections and developed the principle of duality independently of Joseph Gergonne Student of Monge (Three Circle Theorem) Student of Monge (Three Circle Theorem)

12. What’s a duality? How it came about? How it came about? Euclidean geometry vs. projective geometry Euclidean geometry vs. projective geometry Train tracks Train tracks Euclidean-two points determine a line Euclidean-two points determine a line Projective-two lines determine a point Projective-two lines determine a point

13. Principle of Duality All the propositions in projective geometry occur in dual pairs which have the property that, starting from either proposition of a pair, the other can be immediately inferred by interchanging the words “line” and “point”. All the propositions in projective geometry occur in dual pairs which have the property that, starting from either proposition of a pair, the other can be immediately inferred by interchanging the words “line” and “point”. This also applies with words such as “vertex” and “side” to get dual statements about vertices. This also applies with words such as “vertex” and “side” to get dual statements about vertices.

14. Dual it yourself! Through every pair of distinct points there is exactly one line, and … Through every pair of distinct points there is exactly one line, and … There exists two points and two lines such that each of the points is on one of the lines and … There exists two points and two lines such that each of the points is on one of the lines and … There is one and only one line joining two distinct points in a plane, and… There is one and only one line joining two distinct points in a plane, and…

15. Pascal’s Theorem Discovered by Pascal in 1640 when he was only 16 years old. Discovered by Pascal in 1640 when he was only 16 years old. Basic idea of the theorem was given a (not necessarily regular, or even convex) hexagon inscribed in a conic section, the three pairs of the continuations of opposite sides meet on a straight line, called the Pascal line Basic idea of the theorem was given a (not necessarily regular, or even convex) hexagon inscribed in a conic section, the three pairs of the continuations of opposite sides meet on a straight line, called the Pascal line

16. Brianchon’s Theorem Brianchon’s theorem is the dual of Pascal’s theorem Brianchon’s theorem is the dual of Pascal’s theorem States given a hexagon circumscribed on a conic section, the lines joining opposite polygon vertices (polygon diagonals) meet in a single point States given a hexagon circumscribed on a conic section, the lines joining opposite polygon vertices (polygon diagonals) meet in a single point

17. Time Line 14 th century 14 th century Artists studied math properties of spatial figures Artists studied math properties of spatial figures Leone Alberti thought of screen images to be “projections” Leone Alberti thought of screen images to be “projections” 15 th century 15 th century Gerard Desargues wrote Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone Gerard Desargues wrote Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone 16 th Century 16 th Century Pascal came up with theorem for “Pascal's line” based on a hexagon inscribed in a conic section. Pascal came up with theorem for “Pascal's line” based on a hexagon inscribed in a conic section. 17 th Century 17 th Century Victor Poncelet came up with principle of duality Victor Poncelet came up with principle of duality Joseph Diaz Gergonne came up with a similar principle independent of Poncelet Joseph Diaz Gergonne came up with a similar principle independent of Poncelet Charles Julien Brianchon came up with the dual of Pascal’s theorem Charles Julien Brianchon came up with the dual of Pascal’s theorem

18. Bibliography Leone Battista Alberti http://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Alberti.html Leone Battista Alberti http://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Alberti.htmlhttp://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Alberti.htmlhttp://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Alberti.html Projective Geometry http://www.anth.org.uk/NCT/ Projective Geometry http://www.anth.org.uk/NCT/ http://www.anth.org.uk/NCT/ Math World http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ Math World http://mathworld.wolfram.com/http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ Desargues' theorem http://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/Desargues.shtml Desargues' theorem http://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/Desargues.shtmlhttp://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/Desargues.shtmlhttp://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/Desargues.shtml Monge via Desargues http://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/MongeTheorem.s html Monge via Desargues http://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/MongeTheorem.s htmlhttp://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/MongeTheorem.s htmlhttp://www.cut-the- knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/MongeTheorem.s html Intro to Projective Geometry http://www.math.poly.edu/courses/projective_geo metry/Inaugural-Lecture/inaugural.html Intro to Projective Geometry http://www.math.poly.edu/courses/projective_geo metry/Inaugural-Lecture/inaugural.html http://www.math.poly.edu/courses/projective_geo metry/Inaugural-Lecture/inaugural.html http://www.math.poly.edu/courses/projective_geo metry/Inaugural-Lecture/inaugural.html Conic Section http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section Conic Section http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_section Jean-Victor Poncelet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Poncele t Jean-Victor Poncelet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Poncele t http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Poncele t http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Victor_Poncele t Gaspard Monge http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053349 Gaspard Monge http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053349 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053349