1. Kant 1724 - 1804 What Gives An Act Moral Worth? Consequences: No. Why? 1.Control 2.Persons have intrinsic value, not instrumental value Motives: Yes

2. What Is The Right Motive? An act has moral worth only it if is done with the right intention or motive: done in accordance with a “good will.” Good will makes an act good. Good will: good unconditionally

3. The Shopkeeper What Is Her Motive? 3 Possible Motives 1. Good Business 2. Sympathy

4. 3. It’s The Right Thing To Do (good will)/A Sense of Duty Only when an act is motivated by this concern for morality/moral law, does it have moral worth.

5. Why Will & Motive?

6. What Is The Right Thing To Do? Right Motive + Right Act

7. Hypothetical/Categorial Imperatives To understand what is right to do: hypothetical imperative & categorical imperative

8. Hypothetical Imperative Not Moral Contingent: contingent or dependent on what individuals want/desire Individual: arise from individual goals/plans Moral Imperatives: not contingent and are universal

9. Categorical Imperative Unconditional and universally binding Basic Moral Principle by which we determine what we ought and ought not to do.

10. The First Form “Act only on that maxim that you can will as a universal law.” My act must be something that I can will others do (I can accept others doing). Given I’m a rational being, I can only will what is noncontradictory.

11. The Second Form “Always treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end.” 1. How we ought to treat ourselves as well as others. 2. Treat ourselves & others as ends rather than as means.

12. Universality & Rationality of Morality Moral Law: we’re subject to it & author of it: it flows from our own nature as rational beings “Kingdom of Ends”: community of rational persons Do our actions further or promote such a community?