1. 1 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 Development psychology – early social development Attachment in humans

2. 2 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 Mary Ainsworth ‘Variations in attachments’

3. 3 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 Mary Ainsworth (1970) was most famous for her work on ‘The Strange Situation’. This is a technique that places the infant in different situations in order to research the quality of attachment to the caregiver.

4. 4 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The mother and her infant go into a room. The mother sits, and the child is placed on the floor and is free to explore. The Strange Situation – the methodology used:

5. 5 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 A stranger then enters the room and talks briefly to the mother.

6. 6 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The stranger leans forward and tries to engage with the infant through play and talk.

7. 7 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The mother leaves the room. Now the baby is alone with the stranger. The stranger tries to comfort the baby if they get upset, and tries to play with them. My mummy’s gone! Who’s that stranger?

8. 8 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The mother returns to the room and the stranger leaves.

9. 9 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The mother leaves the room and the infant is alone.

10. 10 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 Instead of the mother returning to the room, the stranger returns and tries to comfort and play with the baby. My mummy’s gone! Here she comes Ahhhh! It’s not… oh no… where is my mummy?

11. 11 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The mother re-enters the room and the stranger leaves.

12. 12 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The procedure provided Ainsworth with a means of looking at: stranger anxiety; separation anxiety; and the infant’s behaviour towards the mother. This led Ainsworth to develop three broad types of attachment.

13. 13 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 Here are the different types of attachment that she recognised: Secure attachment Resistant attachment Avoidant attachment ‘I trust you’‘I don’t trust you’‘I don’t care!’

14. 14 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 12%22%66% Percentage of infants in study Avoidant attachment Resistant attachment Secure attachment Here are the results of the study:

15. 15 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 Ainsworth concluded that: attachment differences depended upon the sensitivity of the mother (i.e. how well the mother could read her infant’s feelings and moods). sensitive mothers generally had infants who were securely attached. less sensitive and less responsive mothers (i.e. those who ignored their infant or were impatient with them) had babies who were more likely to be insecurely attached. a baby’s attachment does seem to be affected to some extent by the quality and sensitivity of the caregiver. See De Wolff and van IJzendoorn (1997)

16. 16 AQA Psychology A AS Level © Nelson Thornes 2008 Unit 1, Section 2 The Strange Situation – some methodological issues: This was an effective means of looking at infants’ attachments to their mothers in a relatively efficient way. Replication was easy: the method has been employed in studies the world over – especially in cross-cultural research. Validity concerns related to the location being different from the infant’s normal environment. This criticism is limited, though, because many infants experience new locations quite naturally – e.g. with a babysitter, at play group, etc. Ethics: consider distress, the infant clearly found most of the situations distressing. What about informed consent? Prior to each study, was the mother informed of the potential distress that their baby might experience?