2. Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics

3. 3 minute intro to Mendel/Genetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWq gZUnJdAY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWq gZUnJdAY

4. Mendelian genetics Trait color, height, ex: purple True-bred / Homozygous HH or hh Hybrid Heterozygous / Hh Cross of two pure breeding P generation = parents F 1 generation = first filial generation

5. Alleles = Different form of genes one from each parent If the two alleles are different the dominant allele is expressed the recessive allele is “hidden”

6. Genetic vocabulary ……. Punnett square: Cross for working out problems Homozygous: BB / bb alleles are the same Heterozygous: Bb two alleles are different Phenotype: an organism’s traits (what you SEE) Genotype: an organism’s genetic makeup: TT, Tt, tt Testcross: cross with a homozygous recessive = tt With dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype)

7. AaAa A a Monohybrid Cross – (one trait)

9. LAB: “Variation in Human Beings” Lab # 22

10. LE 14-14a Wwww Ww wwWwww Ww WWww or Ww No widow’s peak Third generation (two sisters) Widow’s peak Second generation (parents plus aunts and uncles) First generation (grandparents) Dominant trait (widow’s peak)

11. LE 14-14b First generation (grandparents) Ff FF or Ffff Ff ff Ff Second generation (parents plus aunts and uncles) Third generation (two sisters) Attached earlobe Free earlobe ffFF or Ff Recessive trait (attached earlobe)

13. Genetics II

14. Genes working together Incomplete dominance: blending of the phenotypes of the 2 parents. Ex: snapdragons Codominance: two alleles affect the phenotype in separate ways Ex: human blood types A & B Multiple alleles: more than 2 possible alleles for a gene. Ex: human blood types

15. LE 14-10 Red C R Gametes P Generation CRCR CWCW White C W Pink C R C W CRCR Gametes CWCW F 1 Generation F 2 Generation Eggs CRCR CWCW CRCR CRCRCRCR CRCWCRCW CRCWCRCW CWCWCWCW CWCW Sperm 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

16. Blood Typing A & B are Co-Dominant O is recessive AA or AO = type A ( I A I A or I A i ) BB or BO = type B( I B I B or I B i ) AB = type AB( I A I B ) OO = type O( ii )

22. Blood Types - USA O+ = 37.4% O- = 6.6% A+ = 35.7% A- = 6.3% B+ = 8.5% B- = 1.5% AB + = 3.4% AB- =.6%

25. Gene Interaction Pleiotropy: genes with multiple phenotypic effect. Ex: sickle-cell anemia Epistasis: a gene can interfere with another gene showing up; even if it is dominant Ex: mice coat color Polygenic Inheritance: an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character Ex: human skin pigmentation and height

26. Pleiotropy

27. LE 14-11 Sperm BC bCBc bc BbCcBBCcBbCCBBCC BbCC bbCCBbCc bbCc BbccBBcc BbCcBBCc BbCc bbCc Bbcc bbcc BC bC Bc bc BbCc 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 9 16 3 4 Epistasis

28. Polygenic inheritance Quantitative variation usually is additive effect of two or more genes on a phenotype Skin color in humans is an example

29. Human disorders The family pedigree Recessive disorders: Cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs Sickle-cell Dominant disorders: Huntington’s Can be determined by a Karyotype

30. TESTING Amniocentesis CVS = Chorionic villi (villus) sampling

32. Female Down’s Syndrome 32 2n = 47 copyright cmassengale

33. Klinefelter’s Syndrome 33 2n = 47 copyright cmassengale

34. Turner’s Syndrome 34 2n = 45 copyright cmassengale

35. LE 14-8 P Generation F 1 Generation YYRR Gametes YR yr yyrr YyRr Hypothesis of dependent assortment Hypothesis of independent assortment Sperm Eggs YR Yr yrYR yr Eggs YYRRYyRr yyrr yR yr Phenotypic ratio 3:1 F 2 Generation (predicted offspring) YYRR YYRrYyRRYyRr YYRrYYrrYyRrYyrr YyRRYyRryyRRyyRr YyRrYyrryyRryyrr Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 YRYryRyr Sperm 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 9 16 3 3 3 1 4 1 4 1 4

36. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/trait s/karyotype/