1. Thursday, September 20 th QUIZ TODAY!!! Atoms, Ions, Isotopes, pH, Water Properties, Bonding Look over your notes!!

2. Thursday, September 20 th Do Now: Identify the “building blocks” in the structures below. A B C

3. Macromolecules

4. Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. –This is different from organic foods in the grocery store. Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.

5. Practice Which compounds are considered organic? CH 4CH 4 H 2 OH 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6C 6 H 12 O 6 AgNO 3AgNO 3

6. More on Organic Compounds May exist in different forms (isomers)May exist in different forms (isomers) –Same formula, different structure Carbon backbone (skeleton) can be linear, cyclic, or branchedCarbon backbone (skeleton) can be linear, cyclic, or branched Contain “functional groups”Contain “functional groups” –Held together by covalent bonds

7. Isomers Carbon Backbone

8. Functional Groups

9. Carbon (C) Carbon4 outer electronsCarbon has 4 outer electrons Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane) Carbon Video

10. Organic Compounds Macromolecules organic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. Bio-moleculesBio-molecules are the macromolecules of life

11. Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERS –Also called POLYMERS. (poly = many) MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. (mono = one) 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids Video!

12. Friday, September 21 st Get out your notes on macromolecules from yesterday! ALL make-up work and quizzes are due next Friday!! After next Friday, all zeros are permanent!! Quizzes should be made up before or after school. If you need another copy of something, look in the make-up work folder first, then fill out a pink form.

13. Carbohydrates

14. Carbohydrates Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Building Block:Building Block:monosaccharide Types of Carbs A. monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

15. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit aka: simple sugars Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose

16. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar units Examples: –Sucrose (glucose + fructose) –Lactose (glucose + galactose) –Maltose (glucose + glucose) glucoseglucose

17. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

18. Carbohydrates Starches: serves as plant energy storage (think potatoes)Starches: serves as plant energy storage (think potatoes) –Glucose monomers joined together, branched Glycogen: serves as animal energy storageGlycogen: serves as animal energy storage –Glucose monomers joined together, straight Cellulose: structural component in plantsCellulose: structural component in plants –Cannot be broken down by humans

19. Carbohydrates

20. Functions of Carbohydrates  Broken down as a source of energy  Part of cell structure

21. Test for Carbohydrates Simple Sugars: Benedict’s SolutionSimple Sugars: Benedict’s Solution –Turns from blue to orange/yellow in simple sugar solutions Starch: IodineStarch: Iodine –Turns from brown to black in starch solutions

22. Monday, September 24 th Short quiz today over carbohydrates and characteristics of organic molecules!! All make-up work due Friday! If you turned in a pink request form, your work is on the front table.

23. Proteins

24. Proteins (Polypeptides) Elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygenNitrogenSulfur Monomer: Amino Acids Linked together by many peptide bonds (polypeptide!) 20 Amino Acids! (your body makes 11)

25. Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino Acids Made of carbon bonded to a carboxyl group (-), an amine group (+), a hydrogen, and an R-group.Made of carbon bonded to a carboxyl group (-), an amine group (+), a hydrogen, and an R-group. Variation between amino acids comes from different R-groups.Variation between amino acids comes from different R-groups. R Group = Functional Group

27. Amine Group Carboxyl Group

28. Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions and examples of proteins:Six functions and examples of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin (blood) 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

29. Protein: Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

30. Protein Indicator Test Biuret’s Test:Biuret’s Test: –Turns purple in the presence of protein Water (control) Protein solution

31. More on Enzymes…

32. Wednesday, September 26 th Blue Table of Contents: 1.Chemistry Vocabulary* 2.Basic Atomic Structure Worksheet and Atom Notes 3.Periodic Table 4.Atom Chart w/ neutral, ions, and isotopes 5.Bonding and Water Notes 6.pH Notes 7.pH Lab and Worksheet* 8.H 2 Olympics* 9.Macromolecule Notes 10.Enzyme Notes 11.Macromolecule Worksheets* 12.Macromolecule Lab* Fill in your table of contents and organize papers. ALL make-up and missing work due FRIDAY!!

33. Today’s Agenda 1.Finish Enzyme Notes 2.Lipid and Nucleic Acid Notes 3.Begin Review LAB TOMORROW!! TEST FRIDAY!! ALL macromolecule worksheets due tomorrow!

34. Lipids

35. LIPIDS BUILDING BLOCK: FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL ELEMENTS: C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)

36. FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL H H-C----O H glycerol fatty acid O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

37. Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. (non-polar) LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (ex: OIL/WATER) are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)

38. Examples of LIPIDS 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid/ Hormones 6. Triglycerides

39. Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against water loss 4.Chemical messengers (hormones) 5.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

40. Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

41. Fatty Acids fatty acids (carbon chains) There are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon chains) you may see on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated Solid fats! Liquid oils! Video!

42. Indicator Test Paper Bag Test Lipids leave a translucent stain

43. Nucleic Acids

44. Building Block: Nucleotides ELEMENTS: C H O N P

45. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group sugar DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose nitrogenous bases

46. Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

47. Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) **stores genetic information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) **builds proteins**

48. DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA

49. Vocabulary Organic Inorganic Building block Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Lipid Fatty acid Glycerol Glyceride Protein Amino acid Dipeptide Polypeptide Nucleic acid Nucleotide