1. CARBOHYDRATES

2. Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbohydrate + Oxygen (Glucose) Sunlight CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 Carbohydrate

3. Respiration Carbohydrate + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water (Glucose) Oxygen Carbohydrate Carbon Dioxide Water ENERGY!!

4. Definitions of processes Photosynthesis: Plants making carbohydrates Carbon dioxide + water Carbohydrate + Oxygen Respiration:Animals use carbohydrates (and oxygen) to get energy Carbohydrate + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water (plus ENERGY)

5. CarbohydrateMolecular Formula glucose fructose maltose sucrose starch cellulose C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 polymer

6. Grouping Carbohydrates

7. Condensation Polymerisation G O HHO Glucose Monomer G O HHO G O HHOHH Starch Polymer Water Molecule

8. Summary

9. Testing for carbohydrates Benedict’sIodine Glucose Fructose Maltose Sucrose No reaction Blue > Red Starch Orange > Black

10. Hydrolysis: Breaking down of large molecules into small molecules by adding in molecules of water For carbohydrates: STARCH + WATER GLUCOSE Condensation Polymerisation: Joining together of small monomers to make a polymer by eliminating water For carbohydrates: GLUCOSE STARCH + WATER Definitions of processes

11. UNIT 2: PPA 3 Hydrolysis of STARCH 1. Set up a water bath and begin to heat water 2. Using a measuring cylinder, add 20ml starch solution to each of two boiling tubes 3. To one boiling tube add 2ml of water using a syringe (this will be your CONTROL) To the other, add 2ml of hydrochloric acid 4. Place the boiling tubes in the water bath and gently boil for approx 10 mins Now continue from STEP 4 of PPA sheets

12. UNIT 2: PPA 3 Hydrolysis of STARCH Aim: To hydrolyse starch using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst Procedure: (1) Water was added to one of the boiling tubes as a control, this let us see the effect of the acid (2) The Benedict’s solution turned from blue to red which indicated the starch had been hydrolised to glucose Conclusion: The starch was broken down by the acid into glucose

13. Enzyme Activity Facts about Enzymes: Enzymes are BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS. These are present in living organisms to catalyse reactions which are necessary for life. Enzymes will only catalyse one specific reaction.