1. English Peppered Moth Example

2. Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution English Peppered Moth Example

3. Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and Peter Grant In dry years average beak depth increases -birds with large bills survive better -more large seeds available In wet years average beak depth decreases -birds with small bills survive better -more small seeds available

5. Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean) Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age

7. The Experiment Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools What happened?? Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass

9. Inorganic Chemistry Atom, Molecule Subatomic Particles: protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons Atomic nucleus: protons + neutrons Atomic number = # protons Atomic Weight = # protons + # neutrons # Protons = # Electrons

10. Isotopes Differ in number of neutrons 12 C 6p 6n 6e- 14 C 6p ?n 6e- 14 C 6p 8n 6e- Isotopes are radioactive Can be used as tracers Can date materials

11. Dangers of Isotopes? 1986 Chernobyl 1979 Three Mile Island Strontium?

12. Energy Capacity to do work Potential vs. Kinetic Different states of potential energy for electrons Electron arrangement in outer shell 3 Main Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen

14. Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons

15. Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons

16. Hydrogen Bond: weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen

19. WATER: polar covalent and hydrogen bonds

20. Properties of Water: Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion: holds water together within a vessel Adhesion: water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity

22. High Surface Tension

24. Properties of water: (Due to hydrogen bonding) Cohesion/Adhesion High surface tension High specific heat High heat of vaporization Lower density as a solid than a liquid Good solvent Solute + Solvent = Solution

25. Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Hydrophilic: water-loving, attracted to water and dissolves easily in water Hydrophobic: water-fearing, does not dissolve easily in water (nonpolar)

26. Acids, Bases and Buffers Acid: high H + Base: low H + pH: measure of H +

27. Acid Rain: Destroys Lakes

28. Buildings and Statues

29. Ocean Acidification Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil fuel combustion Oceans absorb carbon dioxide Ocean acidification: CO 2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (lowers ocean pH) Less carbonate for reef calcification

30. CO 2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making them unavailable for calcification by marine animals such as coral Coral reefs increase biodiversity, protect shorelines, feeding ground for fish species (fisheries), tourism

31. Figure 4.9 P. 64

32. Origin of life (Miller)

33. ATP = Cellular Energy

34. Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

35. How macromolecules are made and broken down

36. Monosaccharides- 1 sugar Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly saccharide

37. Linear and Ring Forms

38. Disaccharides- 2 sugars 2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis

39. Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars Many monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis

40. Cellulose

41. Storage Polysaccharides Starch storage molecules in plants -repeating units of glucose Glycogen storage of glucose in animals Cellulose also polymer of glucose in plants, but different 3-D configuration Makes up cell walls in plants Difficult to digest Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects

43. Lipids

44. Saturated: no double bonds saturated with H Solid at room temp. Unsaturated: double bonds cause bends Liquid at room temp.

45. Phospholipids Amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

46. Properties of water shape cell membranes

47. Amino Acids

48. How proteins are made: amino acids are the building blocks

49. Primary Structure

50. Secondary Structure

51. Tertiary Structure-globular

52. Quaternary Structure

54. Nucleic Acids

55. DNA