1. Chinese Resistance

2. Resistance  Looked down on foreigners  Self-sufficient  Healthy agricultural economy  Spanish and Portuguese traders brought many crops

3. Tea Opium Connection  Earned more for its exports than imports  Opium introduced by the Europeans By 1835 12 million Chinese addicted Originally used as a painkiller

4. War Breaks Out  Opium War of 1839  China’s ships outmatched by the British  Treaty of Nanjing Gave Hong Kong to the British Extraterritorial rights  Foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at sea port cities

5. Taiping Rebellion  Led by Hong Xiuquan (shee-oo- choo-ohn)  Share China’s vast wealth, no poverty  Organized a peasant army of one million  Took over Nanjing in 1853

6. Troubles  Leaders of the Taiping government feuded  Imperial troops, British and French forces launched attacks against the Taiping  1864 Taiping government fell, over 20 million would die in the rebellion

7. Resistance to Change  Dowager Empress Cixi reforms Reigned from 1862-1908 Educational system Diplomatic service Military  Sphere of Influence Foreign nations controlled trade and investment 1899, US declared an Open Door Policy  China’s doors be open to merchants of all nations

8. Nationalism  1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China Educational system, economy, military, government  Dowager Empress Placed Guangxu under arrest and took control

9. Boxer Rebellion  Group of Chinese nationalist s that resented foreign influence 1900, Boxers surrounded Beijing and kept it under siege for several months before being defeated by the military  Reforms Restructure government, establish a constitution