1. Chapter 11 Cocaine Amphetamines –Amphetamine –Methamphetamine –Ephedrine –Cathinone – khat –MDMA – ecstasy Methylphenidate Caffeine Nicotine http://www.smart-kit.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/saved-running-man-energy.jpg

2. Map of principal coca-growing regions of South America Cocaine http://static.flickr.com/39/113049226_b12e1a8da0.jpg

3. Freud advocated use of cocaine – the wonder drug Cocaine Cocaine use in US

4. Cocaine Coca leaves Coca paste Cocaine hydrochloride (HCl) Freebasing Crack

5. Cocaine

6. Mechanisms of cocaine action Cocaine

8. Computerized tomographic (CT) scan of a thalamic hemorrhage in a crack cocaine smoker

9. Stimulants and DA Important anatomical connection: Dopaminergic connections from midbrain (substantia nigra and VTA) to striatum and nucleus accumbens Effects: Nucleus accumbens –Locomotor response –Reward system activation Striatum – Stereotyped behaviors Cocaine

10. Cocaine Abuse and Dependence 10-15% of initial users become cocaine abusers Cocaine abusers report initially using legal/illegal drugs at about age 13-14 Initial use usually thru snorting Factors important to changes in use patterns –Reinforcing effects (stimulating, euphoric, confidence- boosting effects) –Switch from snorting to smoking or IV injection Cocaine

11. Tolerance after chronic cocaine use

12. Cocaine Sensitization after chronic cocaine use

13. Cocaine Hypothetical relationship between cocaine use, synaptic DA levels, and mood

14. Withdrawal Few withdrawal symptoms other than depression –Acute withdrawal Death by cocaine: About 25% of deaths reported with cocaine use are due to the drug effects. Causes include: - cerebral hemorrhaging - lethal cardiac arrhythmia - myocardial infarction (heart attack) even in individuals with no prior heart problems Cocaine

15. Brain Abnormalities in Cocaine Abusers Low blood flow in some regions Deficits in glucose utilization in frontal lobe Decreased grey matter concentration Consequences? Deficits in: Verbal memory Attention Motor function Cocaine