1. Principles of Urban Ecology Steward T.A. Pickett Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies

2. What’s a principle?

3. Components of Theory Domain Assumptions Concepts Definitions Facts Confirmed generalizations Laws Models Translation modes Hypotheses Framework Pickett et al. 2007

4. Senses of “urban” Broad – inclusive Narrow – specific

5. Goal Framework Model building

6. Themes Components Form Change Functioning

7. Components of the system

8. P1 Cities are about people and ecosystems. –Human ecosystems

9. The Ecosystem Concept Sir Arthur G. Tansley (1871-1955)

11. P2 Cities have multiple and changing forms.

12. Central Business District Transitional zone: recent immigrants, deteriorating housing, factories, abandonment Working class zone: single family tenements Residential zone: single family homes with yards and garages Commuter zone: suburbs Burgess Model

14. Antoni 2001

17. P3 Cities are mosaics extending into surroundings.

18. Cadenasso

19. Patch dynamics Applies to cities Hierarchical Gradients and fields

20. Pickett, Cadenasso

21. Social processes

22. P4 Planned, opportunistic, incremental, incidental.

23. Components of change Urban design Urban planning Topography Ecology Social-cultural Economic

24. P5 Urban designs as experiments. Felson, Pickett (2005)

25. Jordan Cove, CT Control development Traditional BMP

26. P6 Social, economic, cultural processes influence biophysical processes.

27. 1970 1990 Grove, Burch

28. P7 Social, cultural, economic complexity.

29. Components of social complexity Property regimes Households and individuals Social status Economic status Lifestyle grouping Social identity etc.

30. Perceive high value of parks Perceive low value of parks Troy et al.

31. IKONOS Image Vegetation Parcels PROW Vegetation PROW Vegetation Private Land Vegetation Private Land Vegetation Fine Scale Analysis Grove, Troy, O’Neil-Dunne

32. Biophysical functions

33. P8 Remnant soils, waters, vegetation.

35. Nitrogen retention SuburbanForestedAgriculture ----------------- kg N ha -1 y -1 -------------- Inputs Atmosphere8.7 Fertilizer13.90100 TOTAL22.68.7108.7 Outputs Streamflow6.50.5216.4 Retention Mass16.18.292.3 Percent719485 Groffman, Belt, Fisher

36. P9 Biodiversity multifaceted and present.

37. Mocking bird Mourning dove Catbird RobinGrackle Pigeon Warren, Nilon, Wolf

38. Methodological principles

39. P10 Study-specific definition of urban.

40. Phoenix, Arizona Ppt: ~180 mm/yr Watershed area = 12,000km 2 Study area = 6,400 km 2 Population growth 1950 = 300,000 2005> 3 million Baltimore, Maryland Ppt: ~ 1200 mm/yr Watershed area = 17,000 km 2 Study area = Population 1950 2005 2.5 million

41. P11 Abstract urban gradients.

42. NY CT LI NYBG VCP PBP SWP CEC MRG MLP MSP MSF HSF New York City McDonnell et al 1990

43. P12 Human perception as links.

44. Pickett, Cadenasso (2008)

45. Practical principles

46. P13 Flux of water, and water infrastructure.

47. N. Law and L. Band

48. Water principle Sites of cities Urban design Future demands.

49. P14 Exotic species functions.

50. G. Brush et al. in prep

51. P15 City form and shared needs –Role of elites –Non-stationary roles –Non-overlapping agency –Environmental injustice.

52. Boone

53. P16 Utility of data requires continual dialog.

55. Review of the principles Human ecosystem Multiple forms Extensive spatial mosaics Intention, opportunity, incidental, constraint Design as experiment Role of social pattern and process Social complexity …

56. Retain remnant soils, waters, vegetation Biodiversity multifaceted, value Urban definitions various Abstract gradients of urbanization Human perceptions and actions Flux of water, water infrastructure Exotics and function City form: equity and control Application through dialog.

57. Conclusions Transdiciplinary concern Heterogeneous, changing subject Suggests emerging framework Open to new insights Context for specific tests.