1. Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

3. REMEMBER ______________ total of all the living things in an ecosystem ___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other BIODIVERSITY SPECIES

4. Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far. Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered 2.5 million http://www.millan.net

5. WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner

6. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY

7. Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships. BIRD... ? Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg An animal with feathers

8. A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar

9. A good classification system: Uses names that are _________ Can _____ as new data is discovered Shows _____________ of organisms UNIQUE CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS

10. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

11. Aristotle’s system Based on size of stem PLANTS: Based on where they lived ANIMALS: By: Riedell

12. Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar... are all names for same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

13. Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

14. Common names can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

15. Common names can be misleading In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg

16. By mid 19 th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species. Latin and Greek

17. EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” Different scientists described different characteristics. PROBLEMS:

18. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

19. Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________ Each organism has a two part scientific name = _________________________ TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

20. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

21. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

23. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

24. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ –Always capitalized 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. GENUS NAME SPECIES NAME UNDERLINED ITALICS

25. GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis

26. Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

27. MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 18-2

28. In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________! Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________. MATE characteristics

29. BUT... which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

30. Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water? OR with mammals because it breathes air and makes milk for its young?

31. Look at these 3 organisms: LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/

32. Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006

33. LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Look more closely! Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T !

34. LIMPET CRABBARNACLE Look more closely! Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS !

35. LIMPET SNAIL http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS

36. BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

37. MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = _____________________ Evolutionary classification

38. MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny

39. ____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = __________________ CLADISTICS Derived characters

40. Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms = ________ cladogram Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

41. Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose. Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006

42. All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth. DNA and RNA http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif

43. GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms. http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif

44. Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. MYOSIN http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg

45. Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family.

46. American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

47. DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork recent common ancestor

48. Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently = ________________ MOLECULAR CLOCK

49. ____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor Mutations dissimilarity Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

50. Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”. http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.

51. Kingdoms & Domains Chapter 18-3 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

52. As we discovered more about the natural world… not all organisms fit into Linnaeus’s 2 kingdoms (_____ or _____) Ex: _________ _____ Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg plantanimal bacteria fungi

53. http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg _______________________ (BACTERIA) FIVE ORIGINAL KINGDOMS

54. EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia 6 KINGDOMS used today As we learned more about bacteria, the __________ kingdom was split into TWO distinct kingdoms ___________ & ______________ Eubacteria Archaebacteria MONERA

55. THREE-DOMAIN system Molecular analyses have given rise to a ___________ _______ now recognized = _______ DOMAIN new taxonomic category

56. Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the kind of ____________ an organism has. EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Ribosomal RNA

57. Kidspiration by Riedell 6 Kingdom System PlantaeFungiProtista EubacteriaArchaebacteria Animalia

58. Cell without a nucleus = ____________ (Includes bacteria) Cell with a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes = _________________ (includes plants and animals) Organism that can make its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis = ______________ Organism that gets food energy from consuming other organisms = _____________ REMEMBER PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH

59. A ONE-CELLED organism = _____________________ Organism made of many cells = ______________ Polysaccharide made by joining glucose molecules together which makes plants sturdy = _________________ REMEMBER UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR CELLULOSE http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/default.htm

60. DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA _______________________ ______________________ Have cell walls with ________________ Can be ____________ or ______________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ PROKARYOTES PEPTIDOGLYCAN UNICELLULAR AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS E. coli, Streptococcus http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/ZHONG/research/bacteria3.jpg

61. Polymer made of sugars and amino acids found outside the cell membrane in the cell wall in some bacteria = ______________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481

62. _________________ Have cell walls _________ peptidoglycan Can be ___________ or ______________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA PROKARYOTES WITHOUT UNICELLULAR AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS Halophiles; thermophiles;

63. Organisms that can live in HIGH temperature environments = ________________ Organisms that can live in high salt environments = ______________ HALOPHILES THERMOPHILES http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/737B7002-C31D-418D-84C5-D0E68ED87BBB/134228/hero6483.jpg http://web0.greatbasin.net/~wigand/petespaleo/Columbus%20Salt%20Marsh.jpg

64. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE _______________________ ______________________ Have cell walls with ________________ and _____________ _________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ EUKARYOTES CELLULOSE MULTICELLULAR AUTOTROPHS Mosses, ferns, trees, flowering plants http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg CHLOROPLASTS

65. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA _______________________ _____________________ ________________ or _______________ __________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ EUKARYOTES NO CELL WALLS CHLOROPLASTS MULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHS Worms, insects, fish, birds, mammals, humans http://www.millan.net

66. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI _______________________ ______________________ Have cell walls with ________________ _______________ __________________________________ _______________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ EUKARYOTES CHITIN Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR HETEROTROPHS- absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter Mushrooms, yeast http://www.ontarionature.org/home/images/mushrooms.jpg

67. DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA _______________________ ______________________ Some have cell walls with ________________ ____________________ Can be _____________ or _____________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ EUKARYOTES CELLULOSE Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi Some have chloroplasts AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS http://www.ravelgrane.com/pix/proj/draco/paramecium-nahrung.gif Amoeba; Paramecium; Giant kelp; slime mold

68. Kidspiration by Riedell 6 Kingdom System PlantaeFungiProtista EubacteriaArchaebacteria Animalia

69. DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria ____________ Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan _____________ Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular_____________ Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote___________ Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts ___________ Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia ____________ No cell walls or chloroplasts ____________ Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Section 18-3 Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Eubacteria Unicellular Autotroph or Heterotroph Cell walls of chitin Multicellular Autotroph Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph

70. Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERIA Section 18-3 Figure 18-13 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains

71. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

72. Image Sources http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

73. http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

74. http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg