1. 1 Classification

2. 2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms

3. 3 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4. 4 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly in the naming of organisms Accurately & uniformly in the naming of organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

5. 5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

6. 6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

7. 7 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today

8. 8 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species)

9. 9 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

10. 10 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

11. 11 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON

12. 12 Did King Phillip Come Over For Gooseberry Soup? Domain-Eukarya

13. 13 Dichotomous Key Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

14. 14 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 5 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped – go to 5 Etc…….

15. 15 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains

16. 16 Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

17. 17 Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth. Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. Live in the intestines of animals

18. 18 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals)

19. 19 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins- Most powerful evidence!!!! Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins- Most powerful evidence!!!!

20. 20 Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals.

21. 21 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

22. 22 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

23. 23 The End