1. The Cell All organisms are made of cells, the organism’s basic unit of
structure and function.

2. Size range of cells

3. The Nucleus Nucleus—control center enclosed by nuclear envelope
contains most of the genes
that control the entire cell
DNA organized with
proteins into chromatin
nucleolus-produces
ribosomes

4. Mitochondria –powerhouse energy transformers of cells- produces
ATP- energy for cell
+ double membranes
+ contain ribosomes/DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is only passed on
by mom

5. Ribosomes Construction Crew - make proteins free- float in cytoplasm
bound- attached
to endoplasmic
reticulum

6. Vacuoles * Cell Closet function in cell maintenance & storage
+ food vacuole
+ contractile vacuole- removes excess
water
+ central vacuole (pictured)- in PLANTS
Stores water & maintains cell shape

7. Endoplasmic reticulum
Intercellular highway
Transport cell materials
two distinct regions
+ rough ER (ribosomes attached)
- manufacture proteins for
secretion
- membrane production
+ smooth ER
- synthesis of lipids
- carbohydrate metabolism
- detoxify drugs/poisons
- stores calcium ions

8. Golgi Apparatus * Packaging & shipping
finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
two poles
+ cis face
+ trans face
Enzymes in the Golgi modify products of the ER in stages
as they move through the Golgi stack from cis to trans face.

9. Lysosomes - clean up crew
contain hydrolytic enzymes- Primarily animal cells
digestive compartments
+ intracellular digestion
+ recycle cell material
+ program cell destruction (apoptosis)

10. Apoptosis – programmed cell death

12. The Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton provides structural support
for motility and regulation
+ network of fibers
- microtubules- thick &
Hollow (straw)
- microfilaments- thin &
Solid (toothpick)
- intermediate filaments-
Medium & solid

14. Cilia & Flagella -Cilia- short, hairlike, numerous. Cover entire cell
-Flagella- long, only 1 or 2 on a cell
* Both function in movement
* Found on outside of ANIMAL cells
* Composed of microtubules (cytoskeleton)

15. F L A G E C I L
I A

16. Centrosomes Found in animals primarily Produce microtubules
during cell reproduction
Animal cells contain
centrioles which
contain 9 sets of 3
microtubules

17. Cell Membrane Plasma Membrane- Bouncer
boundary that separates living cell from
its non-living surroundings
+ 8 nm thick
+ selectively permeable
+ unique structure relates to function
+ phospholipid bilayer

18. Cell Wall Cell Walls (1° & 2°) Plant cells only* - Brick wall
cellulose fibers
Middle lamella
Made of pectin
(sticky polysaccharide)

19. Cytoplasm/Cytosol
--cytosol--Gelatinous fluid that surrounds organelles & holds cellular components (Na+, K+, amino acids, etc)
Cytoplasm-everything in
Cell EXCEPT nucleus

20. Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis - Production crew-
* Only in PLANT cells
* Made of thylakoid stacks (grana) where reactions occur
* green in color due to chlorophyll

21. Peroxisome Break down large, branched Fatty acid chains
+ contain specialized
teams of enzymes
- peroxide-producing
oxidases and catalase

22. Leucoplast * Basement/Cellar Non-pigmented plastids
Bulk storage of starch,
commonly in roots

23. Chromoplast * Crayons *
* Responsible for pigment synthesis and storage
*Commonly found in fruit, flowers, & aging leaves
* assist chloroplasts in absorbing suns energy

24. The Endomembrane System
Includes:
nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane*
The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles.

25. Endomembrane System Summary

26. Animal vs. Plant Cell Unique to Plant Cells: - cell wall
- large central vacuole
Plastids
Unique to Animal Cells:
Centrioles
Lysosomes
- flagella and/or cilia

28. A Panoramic View of the Cell
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
+only in bacteria/archaebacteria Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
+no true nucleus/nuclear envelope true membrane-bound nucleus
+genetic material in nucleoid region genetic material in nucleus
+little to no organelles many organelles