1. To improve or not to improve Tor Stålhane IDI / NTNU

2. The ESPINODE European survey Data was collected through an e-mail questionnaire. CountryDo SPI Don’t do SPI Iceland155 Greece1510 Italy914 Ireland141 Scandinavia131 Sum6631

3. Those who do SPI What are the most important contributions of SPI? A total of 74% of the answers fall into one of the three categories. – Better process – 30% – Improved quality – 25% – Obtain business benefits – 19% Most important challenges for the future. A total of 83% of the answers fall into one of the three categories. – Improve development efficiency - 36% – Increase customer satisfaction – 24% – Promote company growth – 23% Help needed. A total of 84% of the answers fall into one of the three categories. – Seminars, networking and related events – 37% – Consultancy – 27% – Better tools and methods – 20%

4. Those who don’t do SPI What are the most important reasons for not doing SPI? A total of 70% of the answers fall into one of the two categories. – Do not have resources available – 40% – Cost too much – 30% Most important challenges for the future. A total of 74% of the answers fall into one of the three categories. – Increase customer satisfaction – 29% – Be more innovative – 26% – Promote company growth – 19% Help needed. A total of 80% of the answers fall into one of the four categories. – Consultancy – 24% – Networking – 24% – Formative help – 18% – Financial help – 14%

5. How are these companies equal? Both groups (47% and 48%) prioritized: – Increase customer satisfaction – Promote company growth Both groups (64% and 48%) needed – Seminars, networking and related events – Consultancy

6. Summary Small companiesLarge companies Do SPI  Balance time and cost  Quality of products  Increase number of products  Decrease costs  Internet applications  Introduce new systems  Project augmentations  Process management  Quantitative management  Competence development  Competition  New environments Do not do SPI  Internet  Software for home appliances  (long) distance working  Lower costs  Better quality  Increase number of customers  Improve know-how  Keep up with economic changes  Competition  Fast implementation of new products  Low maintenance costs  Information intensive applications  New development methods and new standards  Electronic commerce  Successful project management

7. Four improvement goals Cost reduction – constant output, reduced input. => SPI through “Mean and lean”. Controlled growth – large increase in output, smaller increase in input. => SPI through investment, e.g. buy a new tool. Work smarter – increased output, constant input. => SPI through better ways to do things. Work more efficient – increase output, decrease input. => SPI by e.g., reducing rework

8. Evolution vs. revolution EvolutionRevolution Quality viewProblem to solve - a necessityIdeal function to be achieved – an opportunity MotiveEliminate complaintsElicit compliments StepInspectSPCQAStrategic quality management FocusDiscoverControlAvoid mistakes Listen to the voice of the customers MethodMeasureStatistical technique Programs and systems QFDSystem approach Robust design ResponsibleInspectorProductionProduction, development Everyone ResultEarn right to sell Keep market shares Command higher price Gain market share

9. Time frame and stability Environment stability Company time frame Risk management Mean and lean Measurement based SPI Short Medium Long High Medium Low CMM We are moving this way

10. Owner goalsManagement goals Select improvement approach Select improvement goals Customers Risk profile Environment Company beliefs market changes customer image Company plans Setting goals What shall we improve How shall we improve

11. PDCA We have seen the PDCA wheel earlier. We have added an extra wheel that may be needed before and during the planning session

12. The Quality Improvement Paradigm – 1 The PDCA is quite general. We can get more insight by using the Quality Improvement Paradigm – QIP – as shown on the next slide. QIP separates – Project learning – what the project staff learns during the project – Organization learning – what the organization as a whole is able to learn from the project. QIP has more detailes – e.g. “Plan” => – Characterize – Set goals

13. The Quality Improvement Paradigm – 2 Corporate Learning Characterize and understand Set goals Choose processes, methods, tools, and techniques Analyze results Package and store experience Project Learning Analyze results Provide process with feedback Execute

14. The Quality Improvement Paradigm – 3 IndividualCollective TacitPersonal experience Common sense ExplicitProprietaryOpen to everybody In the projectTransferred

15. The complete SPI process – 1 There are two ways to look at the SPI process: An extended and detailed version of the PDCA wheel The 4V model We will give a short walkthrough of both.

16. Detailed PDCA – 1 Plan Do Check Act

17. Detailed PDCA model – 2 Analyse current process – flow charts, brain storming and cause and effect diagrams. Define desired outcome of improved process – brainstorming in addition to such techniques as Pareto analysis. Identify causes and proposed solutions – brainstorming, Pareto analysis and root cause analysis. Priorities, plan and test proposed solutions – plotting techniques such as histograms and scatter plots, Pareto analysis and brainstorming.

18. The 4V model – 1

19. The 4V model – 2 The diagram contains three SPI approaches: process control reactive improvement proactive improvement. SPI activities moves between two levels: being creative / analytical collecting data. On the top of the diagram we have the two SPI phases Freeze – standardize / control Unfreeze – study / compare

20. An alternative to the PDCA – 1

21. Another version of the OODA loop

22. An alternative to the PDCA – 2 Explicit and implicit states of OODA: The OODA Loop is often seen as a simple one-dimensional cycle, where one – observes what is going on – becomes oriented to the current action – makes a decision – takes an action. This is "dumbing down“ – only the explicit part of the loop is understood. – Speed is crucial, but not the speed of simply cycling through the loop. – We need to take into account the single most important part of the cycle ‑ the implicit part of the orientation phase.

23. Observe The types of info: Implicit – already known Outside – can be collected Unfolding – not static. Continuous changes to – Environment – Circumstances

24. Orient Some things are constant. Cultural traditions Genetic inheritance Some things grow or change New info Previous experience

25. Implicit guidance and control – 1 The “Implicit Guidance & Control” connects Orientation with both Observations and Action. When one has developed the proper Fingerspitzengefuhl for a changing situation the tempo picks up one is able to bypass the explicit Orientation and Decision part of the loop, to Observe and Act almost simultaneously.

26. Implicit guidance and control – 2 The speed comes from a deep intuitive understanding of the rapidly changing environment. This is what enables bypassing parts of the loop. It is this adaptability that gives the OODA loop its power. The OODA Loop, at one level, might be interpreted as an iterative explicit loop. It is also a model of our implicit non-linear reaction to circumstances once the reaction has been learnt. The OODA Loop is both a model of the context of discovery the context of justification.

27. Discussion About half of the companies in a survey stated that customer satisfaction and company growth are important. It seems that many developers are more concerned about making smart pieces of code than making their customers happy or making their company grow. Why?