1. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter 6 Jails: Way Stations Along the Justice Highway 1

2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Key Terms Jails - Locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction. Jails - Locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of one year or less. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of one year or less. Total Admission - The total number of people admitted to jail each year. Total Admission - The total number of people admitted to jail each year. Average Daily Population (ADP) - The sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year, divided by the total number of days in the year. Average Daily Population (ADP) - The sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year, divided by the total number of days in the year. 2

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Jails in History King Henry ordered the first jail built in 1166. King Henry ordered the first jail built in 1166. John Howard’s Four Jail Reforms John Howard’s Four Jail Reforms Secure and sanitary structures Secure and sanitary structures Jail inspections Jail inspections Elimination of fees Elimination of fees Emphasis on reforming prisoners Emphasis on reforming prisoners The first jail in America was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia 1776. The first jail in America was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia 1776. Housed offenders with no regard to sex, age, or offense. Housed offenders with no regard to sex, age, or offense. 3

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill American Jails in the 20 th Century Detain people awaiting arraignment or trial. Detain people awaiting arraignment or trial. Confine offenders serving short sentences. Confine offenders serving short sentences. Serve as surrogate mental hospitals. Serve as surrogate mental hospitals. Frequently detain people with drug or alcohol dependency. Frequently detain people with drug or alcohol dependency. The homeless, street people, some with extremely poor physical health including many with HIV, AIDS, and tuberculosis (TB) The homeless, street people, some with extremely poor physical health including many with HIV, AIDS, and tuberculosis (TB) Rabble management. Rabble management. 4

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Architecture and Inmate Management First-Generation Jails First-Generation Jails Jail with multiple-occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes. Jail with multiple-occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes. Inmate supervision is intermittent; staff must patrol the corridors to observe inmates in their cells. Inmate supervision is intermittent; staff must patrol the corridors to observe inmates in their cells. Officers often do not enter the housing units unless there is a problem. Officers often do not enter the housing units unless there is a problem. 5

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Architecture and Inmate Management Second-generation jails Second-generation jails Emerged in the 1960s to replace old, run-down linear jails and improve visual surveillance. Emerged in the 1960s to replace old, run-down linear jails and improve visual surveillance. Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmate housed areas called pods and surveillance is remote. Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmate housed areas called pods and surveillance is remote. Verbal interaction between staff and inmates even less frequent than in linear jails. Verbal interaction between staff and inmates even less frequent than in linear jails. Property destruction minimized through continued use of steel and cement Property destruction minimized through continued use of steel and cement 6

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Architecture and Inmate Management Third-generation jails Third-generation jails Direct-supervision jails. Direct-supervision jails. Inmates are housed in small groups staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers. Inmates are housed in small groups staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers. Officers interact with inmates to help change behavior. Officers interact with inmates to help change behavior. Bars and metal doors are absent. Bars and metal doors are absent. 7

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Architecture and Inmate Management Fourth-Generation Jails Fourth-Generation Jails Incorporates natural light into the dayroom; “borrowed light.” Incorporates natural light into the dayroom; “borrowed light.” Brings program services, staff, volunteers, and visitors to the housing unit. Brings program services, staff, volunteers, and visitors to the housing unit. 8

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Jail Inmates In June 2006, local jail authorities housed or supervised 826,232 offenders. In June 2006, local jail authorities housed or supervised 826,232 offenders. This is a slight, 1.1% increase from June 2005. This is a slight, 1.1% increase from June 2005. 7.3% were supervised outside jail facilities. 7.3% were supervised outside jail facilities. During the 1980s the number of inmates housed in locally operated jails increased 120%. During the 1980s the number of inmates housed in locally operated jails increased 120%. Since 2000 the nation’s jail population has increased an average of 3.6% per year. Since 2000 the nation’s jail population has increased an average of 3.6% per year. 9

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Women in Jail The number of women in jail has more than quadrupled over the past 25 years. The number of women in jail has more than quadrupled over the past 25 years. In 1985 there were 19,000 women in jail. In 1985 there were 19,000 women in jail. In mid-2006 there were 98,577 women in jail. In mid-2006 there were 98,577 women in jail. The female jail population has grown 3.3% annually over the past five years while the male jail population has grown 2%. The female jail population has grown 3.3% annually over the past five years while the male jail population has grown 2%. The typical female jail inmate is poor, a high school dropout with one to three children, and belongs to a racial minority. The typical female jail inmate is poor, a high school dropout with one to three children, and belongs to a racial minority. Two-thirds of women in jail are mothers with children under the age of 18. Two-thirds of women in jail are mothers with children under the age of 18. 10

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Race and Inmates From 1995 through mid-2006 the majority of local jail inmates were black or Hispanic. From 1995 through mid-2006 the majority of local jail inmates were black or Hispanic. Blacks were nearly 5 times more likely than whites, nearly 3 times more likely than Hispanics, and over 9 times more likely than people of other races to have been in jail at midyear 2005. Blacks were nearly 5 times more likely than whites, nearly 3 times more likely than Hispanics, and over 9 times more likely than people of other races to have been in jail at midyear 2005. Whites comprise nearly 70% of the U.S. population, but only 44 % of the jail population. Whites comprise nearly 70% of the U.S. population, but only 44 % of the jail population. Blacks make up 12.7% of the U.S. population, but make up 39% of the jail population. Blacks make up 12.7% of the U.S. population, but make up 39% of the jail population. 11

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Juveniles in Jail Cities and states may detain juvenile offenders up to 12 hours in an adult jail before a court appearance. Cities and states may detain juvenile offenders up to 12 hours in an adult jail before a court appearance. In 1995, 76% of the 7,800 juveniles confined in the nation’s jails were held as adults. In 1995, 76% of the 7,800 juveniles confined in the nation’s jails were held as adults. By 2006 this increased to 79% of 6,104 juveniles. By 2006 this increased to 79% of 6,104 juveniles. 12

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Jail Staff An estimated 297,600 people work in the nation’s jails. An estimated 297,600 people work in the nation’s jails. Women comprise one-third of all jail employees. Women comprise one-third of all jail employees. One-fourth of all corrections officers. One-fourth of all corrections officers. 66% of all jail corrections officers are white, 24% are black, 8% are Hispanic, and 2% are of other races. 66% of all jail corrections officers are white, 24% are black, 8% are Hispanic, and 2% are of other races. Problems of jail staff: substandard pay; low job prestige; high turnover; and inadequate systems for recruitment, selection, and training. Problems of jail staff: substandard pay; low job prestige; high turnover; and inadequate systems for recruitment, selection, and training. 13

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Privatization A contract process that shifts public functions, responsibilities, and capital assets, in whole or in part, from the public sector to the private sector. A contract process that shifts public functions, responsibilities, and capital assets, in whole or in part, from the public sector to the private sector. Jails can be privatized in one of three ways: Jails can be privatized in one of three ways: 1. Private management 2. Private sector development 3. Private services provision 14

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Jail Overcrowding By mid-2006 only 94% of jail capacity was occupied. By mid-2006 only 94% of jail capacity was occupied. Eight of the nation’s 25 jails were operating at over 100% of their rated capacity in 2006. Eight of the nation’s 25 jails were operating at over 100% of their rated capacity in 2006. Rated capacity – The number of beds or inmates a rating official assigns to a correctional facility. Rated capacity – The number of beds or inmates a rating official assigns to a correctional facility. 15

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Reducing Jail Overcrowding Financial Pretrial Release Financial Pretrial Release Release on bail Release on bail Non-Financial Pretrial Release Non-Financial Pretrial Release Release on own recognizance Release on own recognizance Citation Citation Supervised pretrial release Supervised pretrial release Conditional release Conditional release Diversion Diversion New Construction New Construction 16

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Educational and Vocational Programs  National studies show that more than 40 percent of all jail inmates have less 40 percent of all jail inmates have less than a ninth-grade education. than a ninth-grade education.   Studies show that inmates who earn their GEDs while incarcerated are far less likely to return to crime. 17

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Mental Health Programs   56 percent of state prison inmates, 45 percent of federal prison inmates, 64 percent of jail inmates, 16 percent of probationers, and 5 to 10 percent of parolees report a mental condition or an overnight stay in a mental hospital.   Five times more mentally ill people in jails and prisons than in state psychiatric hospitals - 478,000 compared to 60,000.   Public and private agencies promote the diversion of individuals with mental illness from the nation’s jails, collaboration between the justice system and the mental health communities, and treatment and training. 18

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Religious Programs  Getting into trouble and turning to religion is supported by the coping religion is supported by the coping literature. literature.  Inmates actively involved with Bible studies commit less institutional studies commit less institutional infractions and less likely to infractions and less likely to rearrested. rearrested. 19

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Benefits of Jail Chaplaincy Jail chaplains believe that the cycle of crime can only be broken one life at a time. Jail chaplains believe that the cycle of crime can only be broken one life at a time. Chaplains can help jail staff with their emotional and family problems. Chaplains can help jail staff with their emotional and family problems. Chaplains are in a unique position to mediate and moderate tensions and conflicts between inmates and staff. Chaplains are in a unique position to mediate and moderate tensions and conflicts between inmates and staff. The public perceives ministering to the disadvantaged as legitimate. The public perceives ministering to the disadvantaged as legitimate. Chaplains can help inmates confront the truth about themselves. Chaplains can help inmates confront the truth about themselves. 20

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Accreditation Process by which correctional facilities and agencies can measure themselves against nationally adopted standards and through which they can receive formal recognition and accredited status. Process by which correctional facilities and agencies can measure themselves against nationally adopted standards and through which they can receive formal recognition and accredited status. JAIL ACCREDITATION: Formal approval of a jail by the American Correctional Association (ACA) and the Commission on Accreditation. JAIL ACCREDITATION: Formal approval of a jail by the American Correctional Association (ACA) and the Commission on Accreditation. Only 129 of the nation’s 3,365 jails are ACA- accredited. Only 129 of the nation’s 3,365 jails are ACA- accredited. 21

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Reasons to have ACA Accreditation Protect health and safety of staff and inmates Protect health and safety of staff and inmates Defense against lawsuits over conditions of incarceration Defense against lawsuits over conditions of incarceration Preparing for accreditation leads to self- evaluation Preparing for accreditation leads to self- evaluation Professional recognition and status, greater appreciation by the community, and a sense of pride in the achievement and in the hard work that went into it Professional recognition and status, greater appreciation by the community, and a sense of pride in the achievement and in the hard work that went into it 22

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Jail Staff as Professionals  Trend toward better-educated and trained jail staff is evident. is evident.  Jail staff need strong communication skills, knowledge of the psychology of behavior, multicultural sophistication, the psychology of behavior, multicultural sophistication, ethnic and racial tolerance, human management ethnic and racial tolerance, human management expertise, endurance, and fitness. expertise, endurance, and fitness.  ACA’s national Commission on Correctional Certification and online Corrections Academy recognize jail staff as and online Corrections Academy recognize jail staff as qualified correctional practitioners. qualified correctional practitioners. 23