1. “Feeling on the outside:” Father exclusion in maternal harm reduction services Sydney Weaver PhD (candidate) University of British Columbia Canada Fathers’ Prayer, Dallas Poundmaker

2. Funding acknowledgements

3. The problem Mothers’ drug use has been the primary focus of pregnancy/drug use research Fathers are largely excluded from family-focused addictions research and services This is problematic because fathers’ absence and drug use affects family health outcomes

4. Race, class and violence Gender, race and class are identified factors in father exclusion, particularly for Indigenous fathers (Ball, 2009) Domestic violence is frequently linked to illicit drug use, providing a rationale for excluding fathers from mothers’ treatment

5. “I won’t be the kid rotting in jail, the black kid in jail, I won’t be the criminal... sure I might look the role but I’d rather tell you a joke than take your purse…(Ken). Yet the dominant view of domestic violence excludes the “social context of colonisation, loss of culture and poverty” (Taylor et al., 2004, p. 72). Ignoring structural factors implicates fathers oppressed by race and class, inequality

6. Mixed methods Quantitative: Sample of 40 charts of former patients Correlation analyses conducted using SPSS Qualitative: Parents and service providers participated in focus groups; parents were interviewed individually This pilot study was conducted in Vancouver, Canada with former patients of an innovative harm reduction maternity ward, and their partners The study explored how father exclusion affects pregnant mothers’ engagement in harm reduction services.

7. Father and mother engagement Father involvement in baby care Mother engagement was positively correlated with father engagement at.54, with a significance level of.05. Father engagement in services was also highly correlated with father involvement in baby care, at.79 at a.01 level of significance Quantitative findings

8. MOTHERS “DO THE WORK” FATHERS “LEFT OUT” “PUT IN THE EFFORT” SERVICE PROVIDERS “EFFORT TO ENGAGE” Qualitative findings

9. RECOVERY AND PARENTING: “The list is forever long, it’s never ending, so I’m slowly doing it bit by bit…” MOTHERS: “DO THE WORK”

10. “WITH HIM:” Mothers refused health services that did not include partners Mothers describe partners as a familiar, important support at a difficult time in their lives: “ He was my main support, and I really needed him to be around me, we stayed at the (hotel) right until I went into labour”

11. “He’s coming here and he’s washing bottles… and he’s alright with the baby but he needs to learn more about how to take care of a baby” “Help the parents work together”

12. Fathers described exclusion from parenting and recovery-oriented services: “I think there was one class out of six classes that I could go to and the rest were for her, so it sort of left me not feeling lonely but feeling left out” (Randy). FATHERS: “LEFT OUT”

13. “PUT IN THE EFFORT” “you don’t need someone... telling you that you’re going to fail when you’re trying to succeed” Childbirth/children motivate fathers to recovery: “first thing was my kid that got me clean”

14. Service providers cited a lack of institutional support/resources in their attempts to work with fathers “It’s almost a barrier to have to work with the father as well” SERVICE PROVIDERS: “EFFORT TO ENGAGE”

15. Both mothers and fathers wanted individual counselling Both also wanted fathers included in parenting and recovery services Counselling for couples was requested by all participants, to enhance recovery and relationships RECOMMENDATIONS

16. Thank you. sydneymichelleweaver@gmail.com sydneymichelleweaver@gmail.com Sydney Weaver, PhD (candidate) University of British Columbia