1. Max- Planck- Institut fuer extr. Physik and and Astrophysics Dept, University of Oxford

3. light year light year x km/s light year x km parsec) parsec) arcsec r r rad r r pc

4. pc 8.5 kpc 0.7 Mpc QSOs 3000 Mpc

5. x L

6. Charles Messier 1700s Herschel First General Catalogue Isaac Newton Telescope

9. Hubble

10. S Sa Sb Sc SBa SBb SBc

12. HST

13. Sa, Sb, Sc Sba, SBb, SBc

14. GALAXY NGC 4639 HST –WFPC2 NGC 1365

15. IrrI : Sc Irr II IrrI

16. NGC 2363 HST-WFPC2

18. Abell

19. kpc

21. Arp 273 : SW nuclear Starburst (LINER) NRAO

22. The Carthweel Galaxy (HST optical, near-infrared composite image)

25. Barnes & Hernquist :

26. Barnes & Hernquist

27. Monolithic Collapse) x

28. Hierarchical Model for Formation)

29. M. Steinmetz