1. Oil& Gas Major source of energy Source of almost all raw materials used in petrochemical industries. Petroleum resources are limited. With time it becomes more expensive to produce petroleum.

2. Petroleum Gases 1. Natural Gas (NG): -A mixture of C1 to C3 hydrocarbons (mainly CH 4 ) + small amounts of N 2, CO 2 and H 2 S. -Found in gas reservoirs with no oil present (non-associated gas) or associated with crude oil (associated gas) -Used mainly as an energy source and basic raw material for petrochemical industry.

3. Petroleum Gases (cont.) 2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) -produced as a by-product of natural gas processing or during refining and processing operations of petroleum. -Mainly contains propane and butane -Used mainly as domestic fuel and basic raw material for petrochemical industry.

4. Petroleum Gases (cont.) 3. Dry natural Gas: It is a gas that does not contain an appreciable amount of condensable hydrocarbons. 4. Wet natural Gas Contains more than 0.3 gallons of condensable per 1000 cu. ft.

5. Petroleum Gases (cont.) 5. Sour Natural Gas: -Contains appreciable amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. -Needs to remove the acid gases mainly by absorption in amines or caustic solutions

6. Petroleum Refining products and Processes

7. Petroleum Refining products and Processes (Cont.) Vacuum Distillation - Feed is Residue: >C 20 -Avoiding high temperatures -Tarry residue results -Vaccum gas oil (Top product) -Fuel oils in power stations and ships, 'base' oil in lubricating oils, bitumen/asphalt