1. Division within Ethics Psychological Egoism Moral Psychology (People are naturally motivated by self-interest) Thomas Hobbes 霍布斯 (1588-1679) Hsun Tzu 荀子 (313 － 238 B.C.) Psychological Moralism Rousseau 盧梭 (1712-1778) Mencius 孟子 (372-289 B.C.) Evolution theory of moral psychology Meta-ethics (the nature of ethical concepts, theories) E.g. “Are moral goodness and evil matters of facts or of our sentiments? E.g. “Ethics is a matter of divine command” Ethical Egoism, Altruism, Normative Ethics e.g. Utilitarianism, Deontological Ethics, Virtue Ethics, Christian Ethics Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Moism Applied Ethics Apply normative theories to concrete issues

2. Mencius (Mengzi) 孟子 399-295 B.C. Second Sage in the Confucian Tradition Response to Moist’s Challenge Innate Morality / Theory of Human Nature His Moral Psychology -- People are naturally inclined toward the good Humans by nature have four “incipient tendencies” Mencius (Mengzi) 孟子 399-295 B.C. Second Sage in the Confucian Tradition Response to Moist’s Challenge Innate Morality / Theory of Human Nature His Moral Psychology -- People are naturally inclined toward the good Humans by nature have four “incipient tendencies” The heart-mind of compassion, 惻隱之心, the root of human- heartedness 仁之端 The heart-mind of compassion, 惻隱之心, the root of human- heartedness 仁之端 The heart-mind of shame and aversion 羞惡之心， the root of appropriateness 義之端 The heart-mind of shame and aversion 羞惡之心， the root of appropriateness 義之端 The heart-mind of apologizing and yielding 辭讓之心， the root of ritual propriety 禮之端 The heart-mind of apologizing and yielding 辭讓之心， the root of ritual propriety 禮之端 The heart-mind of pro and con attitudes 是非之心， the root of wisdom 智之端 The heart-mind of pro and con attitudes 是非之心， the root of wisdom 智之端

3. Four Questions Answered by the Theory Who decide what is moral? Who decide what is moral? Why be moral? Why be moral? Can we be moral? Can we be moral? How can we be moral? How can we be moral?

4. Problems Problems 1. Is his description of human nature correct? The plant analogy. 1. Is his description of human nature correct? The plant analogy. 2. (If it were correct) Can it serve as a normative position? Why not, say Moism? 2. (If it were correct) Can it serve as a normative position? Why not, say Moism? If the heart-mind has seeds as well as weeds, why not develop the weeds? If the heart-mind has seeds as well as weeds, why not develop the weeds?

5. Theory of the Cultivation of Qi -breath/vital energy 氣 Mencius Mencius Heart-mind/Will  Qi  Yan -Language/theory Heart-mind/Will  Qi  Yan -Language/theory Gaozi Gaozi Yan -Language/theory  Heart-mind/Will  Qi Yan -Language/theory  Heart-mind/Will  Qi

6. Daily One-minute Paper Daily One-minute Paper 1. What is the big point you learned in class today? 2. What is the main, unanswered question you leave class with today? 2. What is the main, unanswered question you leave class with today?