1. INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY
Harvard Style of Referencing
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By Lillian Tamale - FICT

2. By Lillian Tamale - FICT
Overview
What is referencing?
Why should you reference?
Which referencing system should you use?
Ways of citing
Verbs that help with Author-Prominent Referencing
Paraphrasing
Should you Paraphrase or use Quotations?
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Terminologies
Referencing is the an act or instance of referring or pointing to the source of the information. Citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your own piece of work. Such works are cited to show evidence both of the background reading that has been done and to support the content and conclusions.
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Terminologies Cont
References list: an organised listing of the works cited in the text, placed at the end of the document.
Bibliography: a full listing of all material consulted in relation to the research, including any source material not directly cited in the text, placed at the end of the document.
N.B: It is therefore important, in any formal piece of work, that you are clear exactly what the requirements are for referencing and that you fulfill those requirements.
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By Lillian Tamale - FICT

5. Why accurate citation & referencing.
To give credit to the concepts and ideas of other authors.
To provide the reader (often the marker/examiner of the assignment) with evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading.
To enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily.
To enable someone reading the document to find the material you have referred to or consulted.
To demonstrate your width of reading and knowledge about a subject.
To support and/or develop points made in the text.
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By Lillian Tamale - FICT

6. Why accurate citation & referencing conti.
To avoid accusations of plagiarism: using somebody else's work without acknowledging the fact.
Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own. This constitutes
academic theft and is a serious matter which is penalised in assignment marking.
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7. Which referencing system should you use?
Cavendish University Uganda desires to use the Harvard Referencing Style other than other different referencing systems used in academic writing because of the following:-
One of our objectives is to become the Harvard of Africa, so we tend to embrace Harvard Referencing Style looking up to that best University.
Still, it is easier than others where by the reader and the researcher can not be confused due its details and order.  
N.B: It is important that you use this referencing system required for your assignment
and maintain consistency in using that system.
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Harvard style
Commonly known as the author-date systems, alphabetical/name-date system.
It uses a single line spacing (1.5) and a font size of 12.
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Ways of citing
There are two ways of citing references:
1. Author prominent
This way gives prominence to the author by using the author’s surname (family name) as part of your sentence with the date and the page number in parentheses (round brackets).
Direct quote example
Cowie (1996, p. 91) argues that ‘socialism rejected the liberal ideals of individualism and competition’.
Paraphrase example
Cowie (1996) suggests that unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the whole before
the good of the individual.
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By Lillian Tamale - FICT

10. Ways of citing continued..
2. Information prominent
This gives prominence to the information, with all the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation.
Direct quote example
It has been argued that ‘socialism rejected the liberal ideals of individualism and competition’
(Cowie 1996, p. 91).
Paraphrase example
Unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the whole before the good of the individual (Cowie 1996).
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Paraphrasing
Means to repeat accurately and concisely or briefly in your own words something you have read.
If your work does not refer to specific ideas on particular pages of a resource but to general themes mentioned throughout the resource, page numbers need not be shown.
General theme
Studies (Tanner 1999) indicate that the economic structure of Australia today is far more
unpredictable and unstable than it was thirty years ago.
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13. Paraphrasing continued..
Specific idea
Tanner (1999, p. 22) claims that the introduction of the GST in the Australian economic structure
has not impacted the price of fuels.
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14. Should you Paraphrase or use Quotations?
It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your own words) as too many quotations (using the exact words) can lead to a poorly written assignment.
A general rule in academic circles is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations.
No matter whether you use quotations or paraphrase another’s words, you always need to give references—both in the text and in the reference list.
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Citations
Harvard style citations consist of author or editor family names and the date of publication of an item. One of two forms may be used:
Wangi (1989) considers how to run a ...
One commentator (Gray 1989) has looked at ...
Where a work has more than three authors or editors, cite the name of the first named author or editor only, followed by, et al.:
e.g. A study of flora in Kenya (Stadler, J., et al. 2000) suggests ...
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Citations
If you refer to two or more sources by the same person from the same year, distinguish them by adding a lower-case letter after the year, as follows:
Collins (2001a), Collins (2001b), Collins (2001c) etc.
Where quoting directly from a work, or referring to particular pages, provide the page number(s) after the date:
"How well you select your professional and business advisers will have a direct bearing on your business success." (Gray 1989, p.118)
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17. References lists and bibliographies
General points
References list or Bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author's family name. If an author has written more than one work, the works for that author should be listed in date order, oldest first. Where more than one work by the same author from a single year is referenced, put them in the alphabetical order of the additional lower-case notation. Thus (2000a) would go above (2000b) in the list.
If a work is a second or subsequent edition, the edition number should be noted after the title in the form 2nd ed., as appropriate.
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It is customary to put the titles of books and journals in italics. An alternative is to underline them. Whichever method you use, use it throughout. The examples below all use italics.
1. Academic thesis
Author - family name, initials. (Year). Title of thesis. Type of thesis. Institution.
Example
Maloney, D.R. (1996). An investigation into the mechanism of catalytic chain transfer polymerisation. Ph.D. thesis. University of Warwick.
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2. Book
Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples
Anthony, G. (2002). UK public law and European law. Oxford: Hart.
Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C. and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H. (1996). Gas turbine theory. 4th ed. Harlow: Longman.
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3. Web site (excluding online journals)
A Web site has no identifiable author, and is not the work of an organisation, leave out the author details, beginning the reference with the title of the Web page.
Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year, month day). Title of document. [Online]. (URL). Place of publication: Publisher. (Date accessed).
Benn, T. (2002, June 21). Recognition in a democracy. [Online]. (URL (Accessed 12 February 2004).
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4. Report
It is important to be able to identify the body on whose behalf research was carried out. For this reason, if a research report is part of a series, the title for the series and the volume/number of the report should be given at the end of the reference.
Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of report. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. (Series and vol./no.).
Example
Chang, D., et al. (2001). Modernizing service delivery: the better government for older people prototypes. Leeds: Corporate Document Services. (Department of Social Security research report no. 136).
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5. Conference paper
Author(s) - family name, initials. (Year). Title of paper. In: Editor(s) - family name, initials, ed(s). Title of conference, location, date held. Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s).
E.g: Micelli, F., Myers, J.J. and Murthy, S.S. (2002?). Performance of FRP confined concrete subjected to accelerated environmental conditioning. In: Benmokrane, B. and El-Salakawy, E., eds. Durability of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for construction: proceedings of the second International Conference (CDCC 02), Montreal, May Sherbrooke: Université de Sherbrooke, pp
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6. CD-ROM
Example
Title of product. [CD-ROM]. City of publication: Publisher, Year.
World development indicators. [CD-ROM]. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003.
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24. Other Reference Styles
American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Guide
Turabian Style Guide
Chicago Manual of Style
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Bibliography
Lia, X. and Crane, N.B. (1996). Electronic styles: a guide to citing electronic information. 2nd ed. Medford, N.J.: Information Today.
Staffordshire University. (2011). Harvard referencing examples. [Online]. (URL Stafford: Staffordshire University. (Accessed 6 June 2011).
University Library. (2010). Guide to the Harvard style of Referencing [Online]. (URLhttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk /referencing/Harvard). Anglia Ruskin University. (Accessed 6 June 2011).
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