1. The New England Renaissance 1840-1860 Junior English

3. New England Renaissance In the world abroad, especially England, America was still a fledgling society with no real literary talent. Sydney Smith, an English critic stated, “Literature, the Americans have none … In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book?”

4. Time to Par-tay! In a social gathering of New England authors, Melville, Hawthorne, Holmes, and others discussed whether there would ever be an American author to rival the English author/poet William Shakespeare. He’s not such a big deal!

5. The Beginning of Change Herman Melville begins to campaign for Americans to “prize and cherish” their own writers. He believed that Nathaniel Hawthorne was very close to rivaling England’s Shakespeare. –The Scarlet Letter »Puritan adulteress

6. One Movement: Two Paths The literary explosion that occurred as a result of Melville’s, and other’s, campaign created two similar, yet opposite, philosophies. –Transcendentalism –Anti-Transcendentalism

7. Transcendentalism From the Latin roots meaning a “passing over” a “climbing beyond” or “beyonding”. Began around 1836 at the publication of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature and American Scholar. Ended with the Civil War

8. Transcendentalism The term transcendental, refers to the idea that in determining the ultimate reality of God, the universe, the self, and other important matters, one must transcend, or go beyond everyday human experience in the physical world. –Go beyond No logic/reason Rely on intuition

9. In English please… In other words, transcendentalists believed that human beings could intuitively transcend the physical world and directly receive higher truths and greater knowledge (similar to Mysticism). –Essential connection with world –Union with God –Innate (natural) knowledge

10. Transcendentalist’s Beliefs They agreed on these points as cornerstones of their philosophy: Tolerance: –Religious beliefs –Social causes such as Enfranchisement of women –Development of women – role in society Abolitionist movement –End slavery; free slaves

11. Beliefs Continued Open Mindedness: –Emerson stated that, “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” Think outside the box The Intellect: –The intellect should constantly be explored and emphasized. This is a philosophy of thought and insight, not involving physical properties and actions.

12. Beliefs continued Intuition: –Believed that within the nature of human beings there is something that transcends human experience—an intuitive and personal revelation. God and the Universe: –They are one and the same. Every aspect of existence relates to the Universe and God.

13. Beliefs Continued Nature: –In the tradition of Romantic writers, they highly revered nature. Individuality & Self Reliance: –Believed in democracy and insisted on intense individualism. Emerson said, “To be great is to be misunderstood.” Have gone beyond the normal individual Who are some of the greats that could be considered “misunderstood”? –Ignored; Suppressed

14. And finally…The Oversoul This is the belief in the divinity of human beings and oneness with God, nature and all humanity. “A universal and benign omnipresence … a God known to men only in moments of mystic enthusiasm, whose visitations leave them altered, self-reliant and purified of petty aims.” It is the resource of fundamental, moral truths.

15. Anti-Transcendentalism This school of thought explored the darker side of human existence and nature. They felt the world was much more complex and incapable of perfection than the transcendentalists did.

16. The Darker Side of Life Herman Melville (Moby Dick) and Nathaniel Hawthorne (Scarlet Letter) thought that they (the Transcendentalists) were not in tune to the hard facts of life, that they did not understand the tragic experience, and that their transcendental dream was, at best, an antidote to society.

17. Common Themes Guilt, Shame, & Original Sin: –The trauma surrounding man’s sin and the guilt man felt because of it, (as imposed by society) was often examined.

18. Common Themes Complicated God/Universe: –Believed in God, salvation, and that every action in the universe happened for a reason, but believed God and the Universe were complex, beyond thescope of human understanding.

19. Common Themes Dualism: –Believed that good and evil existed equally and together. One cannot exist without the other, and by eliminating a portion of evil, you were eliminating a portion of good.

20. Common Themes Tragic Vision: –Man is ultimately destined to fail, but it is his duty to trudge on and find truth in his own actions and in the universe. –By doing this, man succeeds in the inevitability of ultimate defeat.

21. Common Themes Society’s Ills: –They were very suspicious of the so- called benefits of western civilization, and often implied that society was most often the cause of much evil, injustice, prejudice, and persecution.