1. Leadership Theory, Application, Skill Development 1st Edition Robert N. Lussier and Christopher F. Achua. This presentation created by: MANAGEMENT TRAINING SPECIALISTS and adapted by Jeffrey M. Wachtel, Ph. D. 5320-D Camp Bowie Blvd / Fort Worth, Texas 76107 / 817 737-2893 e-mail: 2conz@airmail.net Copyright © 2001 South-Western College Publishing

2. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Chapter 2 Leadership Traits and Ethics 2-1

3. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Chapter 2 Learning Objectives Benefits of classifying traits. Big Five personality dimensions. Universality of leaders traits. Trait of dominance. Achievement Motivation Theory and Leader Profile. Hierarchic Role Motivation Theory and Managerial Motivation Theory X, Theory Y, Pygmalion Effect. Four leadership styles and attitude. Stakeholder approach to ethics. 2-2

4. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing The Original Study of Leadership Traits: The Great Man (Person) Approach 1940’s Sought to identify the traits of leaders. 33 Studies cite intelligence though extreme differences can be dysfunctional. Poor relationship on physical characteristics 2-3

5. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Personality and Traits “Personality is a combination of traits that classifies an individuals behavior.” The Big Five Model of Personality has five dimensions which include multiple traits. How did you score on Self-Assessment Exercise 2-1? Do you agree with your score?

6. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing The Big Five Personality Model Openness to Experience: Willing to Try New Things Surgency: Dominance, Extraversion Agreeableness: Friendly, Sociable Conscientiousness: Responsible, Hard Workers, Conformists Adjustment: Emotional Stability, Self-Control, High EQ

7. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Big Five Model of Personality Surgency: Sales People Adjustment Agreeableness Open to experience: HRD/Trainers Conscientiousness: Accountants 2-4

8. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 1. Bullying style 2. Cold, aloof, arrogant 3. Betrayed personal trust 4. Self-centered 5. Specific performance problems 5. Specific performance problems 6. Overmanaged 6MajorReasons(Traits)forExecutiveDerailment (Poor Human Relations Skills) Fig. 2-2 Skills) Fig. 2-2 2-5

9. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Locus of Control Locus of Control Integrity High energy Flexibility Dominance Sensitivity to others Sensitivity to others Self-confident Intelligence & EQ Intelligence & EQ 9 Traits of EffectiveLeaders Stability 2-6

10. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Emotional Intelligence (EQ or EI) Related to Big 5 Adjustment Dimension Most jobs require “emotional labor” which is when we express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Can you think of job and emotion match examples? It is not always easy to control felt emotions so as to display organizationally appropriate emotions. Those who are better at doing it than others are said to be high in Emotional I Q

11. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Achievement Motivation Theory: Leader Motive Profile Theory attempts to explain and predict behavior and performance based on one’s need for achievement, power, and affiliation. How did you do on Self-Assessment Exercise 2-2? How about Self-Assessment Exercises 2-3, and 2-4? 2-7

12. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Motives of Successful Managers in Hierarchic Organizations (Miner, 1964) 1. A favorable attitude toward authority. 2. A desire to compete. 3. A desire to follow assertive behavior patterns. 4. A desire to direct others and exercise power. 5. A desire to stand out and be at the center of attention. 6. A desire to carry out routine administrative tasks.

13. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Which statement do you believe to be true about human nature? People enjoy working and will do a good job without being closely supervised. People do not like work and will not do a good job unless closely supervised.

14. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Theory X................Theory Y (Autocratic) (Participative) Control Support 2-8

15. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Pygmalion Effect Managers’ attitudes, expectations, and treatment of employees explain and predict behavior and performance.. If you treat people like they already are good, they will act that way for you. 2-9

16. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Self-Concept: “If you think you can you can, if you think you can’t, you can’t.” How to Change Your Attitudes to a More Positive Self-Concept: 11 Ideas. 2-10

17. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Leadership Styles Based on Attitudes Theory Y Attitudes Theory X Attitudes Positive Self- Concept Gives and accepts positive feedback Expects others to succeed Lets others do the job their way Bossy Pushy ImpatientCritical Autocratic Negative Self- Concept Afraid to make decisions Unassertive Self-blaming Pessimistic Promotes hopelessness 2-11

18. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Student’s Readiness for the Ethics and Business Students enter without a vocabulary of ethics for economic relations because of the current amoral theory of business. Students are genuinely unable to define ethics or morality Usually their definitions are barriers to ethical thinking. –Shepard, Goldsby, & Gerde, 2004

19. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Minimum Definition of Morality/Ethics (Morality & Ethics Used Interchangeably ) Reason: Moral decision must be based on reasons acceptable to other rational persons. Impartiality: Interests of all those affected by a moral decision are taken into account.

20. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Some Basic Conceptual Distinctions Egoism MoralityAltruism Whose Interest? Egoism MoralityAltruism (Self-Interest)(Self-Interest (Selflessness) & the Interests of Others)

21. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Barriers to Moral Reasoning Psychological Egoism: Ethical Egoism: Ethical Relativism: Ethical Subjectivism:

22. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Surveys have identified the following recurring themes. Do they happen in Thailand?: Managers lying to employees –Office nepotism and favoritism –Taking credit for other’s work –Receiving/offering kickbacks –Stealing from the company –Firing an employee for whistle-blowing –Padding expense accounts –Divulging confidential information or trade secrets –Terminating employment without sufficient notice –Using company property/materials for personal use

23. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Ethics in the Movies Case Study "Boiler Room" 1. What do you think of the values expressed by the man in the 1 st scene? Which value is the most important to him and what do you think of his level of value? 2. What do you think of Seth ’ s Casino? Is Seth deceiving himself by saying his business is an honest business? Which ethical principle is involved? 3. What do you Seth ’ s six-month ’ s-long lie to his family, about still being in school? 4. What did you think of your first scene of the trading room at JT Marlin? 5. What did you think about the recruiting process at JT Marlin (i.e., the interview)? Did any comments by the recruiter seemed unethical? 6. What do you think of Seth ’ s father ’ s comments during their meeting?

24. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Stages Of Moral Development Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development: Level 1: Preconventional level (self-orientation) Stage 1: Punishment Stage 2: Reward seeking –Level 2: Conventional level (others orientation) Stage 3: Good person Stage 4: Law and order –Level 3: Postconventional level (universal, humankind orientation) Stage 5: Social contact Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

25. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Golden Rule “Do unto others as you want them to do unto you.” or “Don’t do anything to anyone that you would not want them to do to you.” 2-12

26. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Some Standards or Tests For Making Ethical Choices Front Page: Decision in Headlines? Golden Rule: Do unto others.. Dignity & Liberty of Others: Preserved? Equal Treatment: Minorities Treatment? Personal Gain: Same Decision if none? Congruence: Consistent with Personal and Organizational Policies.

27. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Some Standards or Tests For Making Ethical Choices II Procedural Justice: Can how this decision was made stand up to scrutiny? Cost Benefit: Does a benefit for some cause unacceptable harm to others? Good Night’s Sleep: If other’s know of my decision will I be able to sleep?

28. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Stakeholder’s Approach to Ethics creates a win-win situation for relevant parties affected by the decision. Win-Win 2-13