1. The Market Revolution, 1790-1860 APUSH – Mr. Hesen

2. Demographic Changes – Population By 1860 – 33 states were in the Union Population doubled every 25 years – Natural birthrates – Immigration – Urbanization

3. Irish Immigration (Old Immigration) – Irish potato famine – 1840s – millions die – Largest group of immigrants (1830s- 1860s) Two million immigrants – more here than Ireland Targets for discrimination – Poor – Catholic – Treated lower than African Americans

4. German Immigration (Old Immigration) – 1.5 million – 1830-1860 – Largest group by the 20 th Century Uprooted farmers – moved to Midwest Abolitionists – strong Protestants Influential voters – better educated – Kindergarten – support for public schools – Beer – hurt temperance movement

5. English Immigration (Old) – Accounted for 20% of U.S. population (1820-1860) – Many left b/c of tough economic issues – Many settled in Lowell, MA – textiles – Mining work was also popular – A lot less discrimination Many American still identified with GB

6. Nativism – Hatred of foreign-born persons – Main target: IRISH CATHOLICS – 1840s – “Know Nothing Party”

7. The Industrial Revolution – Economic Inventors stimulated growth Samuel Slater – “Father of Factory System” “Spinning Jenny” – Pawtucket Mill, RI

8. Eli Whitney

9. Sewing Machine

10. Telegraph

11. Textile Industry – U.S. imports down after Embargo Act – 1814 – Francis Lowell – first textile plant in MA Lowell factories made the entire textile NOT just parts Revolutionizes factory work – not at home

12. Lowell Girls – Farmer’s daughters hired to work in factories – Strength and independence – Strict moral supervision and mandatory church attendance – 1836 – first strike in U.S. history – Eventually water and steam replaced female labor – so did the German and Irish

13. How did MA become so industrialized? – Rocky soil discouraged farming – manufacturing more attractive – Large amount of labor available – Shipping seaports – easy imports and exports – Rapid river currents provided water power

14. Why didn’t the South industrialize? – Capital resources tied up in slavery – Local customers were poor – Most people couldn’t afford finished products

15. Transportation Revolution – Prime motive – East tapping the resources in the West – Significance: National market economy Regional specialization Westward expansion

16. Turnpikes – 1790 – first turnpike – Lancaster Turnpike in PA Connected Philly to Lancaster – Tolls collected – Significance: Turnpike building boom – 1811 – Cumberland Road (National Road) Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL Became vital highway to the West (600 miles) Cheaper to carry freight Westward expansion!

17. Conestoga Wagons

18. Pony Express

19. Steam Engine – Robert Fulton – NYC to Albany via Hudson River (500 miles) – Made trip in 32 hours – Significance: Rivers became navigable

20. Erie Canal (1825) – Upstate New York – 363-mile canal linked Great Lakes with Hudson River – Impact: Cheap transportation Shipping time reduced Land values skyrocketed Made NYC a major city Great Lakes region explodes Competition from the West against New England

22. Railroads – Most significant impact of transportation revolution – Fast, reliable, cheaper than canals First line: Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) – 1828 1860 – 30,000 miles of track laid Opposition: canal builders, turnpike, builders

23. Northern Workers – Transformed working conditions and relations – Skilled workers were ousted and unskilled labor took over – Poor working conditions – Forbidden to form labor unions

24. Women and Children – Worked six days per week – Extremely low wages – Lowell Girls were supervised on and off job site – 1820 – ½ of labor was under the age of 10 Devastating effects from abuse

25. Gains for Workers – During Age of Jackson – workingmen had right to vote – Workingman’s parties – fought for higher wages and rights – Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – MA Supreme Court Labor unions legal as long as they are not violent

26. Western Farmers – Trans-Allegheny Region – Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois – Breadbasket of the U.S. – Most produce sent down Mississippi River to Gulf

27. Inventions – John Deere and Cyrus McCormick – Changed West from subsistence to large-scale farming More debt Surpluses – New markets

28. Regional Specialization – East Industrial 1861 – owned 81% of U.S. industrial capacity Most populous region – West Became nation’s breadbasket – grain and livestock – South Cotton exports to New England and Britain Slavery persisted Resist to changes No industry

29. Impact of Industrialization – Division of labor – specialized work – Growth of cities – 1860 – 25% – Increase in social stratification – rich v. poor – Immigration increases – Foreign commerce