1. “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over a network: preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.” Communication Disorders Chapter Eleven

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 IDEA Definition of Speech or Language Impairment …a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

3. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Communication

4. Exchange of ideas, information, thoughts, and feelings between senders and receivers The process does not require speech or language Gestures Posture Eye contact Facial expression Head and body movement Speech= audible representation of language. Language= message that is contained in speech.

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 5 Components of Language Phonology Morphology Syntax Form Semantics Content Pragmatics Function

6. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Structure of language Phonology = rules regarding how sounds can be used and combined. Syntax = the way sequences of words are combined into phrases and sentences. Morphology = the form and internal structure of words. Semantics = the understanding of language. Pragmatics = rules that govern the reasons for communication as well as the choice of codes to be used when communicating.

7. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Language development Stages in developing language. Crying, then cooing, and babbling. Different tones and vocal intensity. Echoing or mimicking responses. Words begin to become attached to people or objects. Strings of two and three words. Basic syntactical structures by age 4. Six word sentences by age 5. Articulate nearly all the speech sounds correctly by age 8. There are variations to the age ranges for each stage!!

8. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Definition Language process involves: Memory. Learning. Message reception and processing. Expressive skills. Language delays= sequence of development is intact but the rate is interrupted. Language disorders= sequence of language acquisition is not systematic or sequential.

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Language Assessments Formal and informal assessments Samples of student’s written schoolwork Observations What child talks about How child talks about things How child functions in context of community How child uses language socially Precautions necessary when assessing students whose first language is not English

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Language The system of symbols that individuals use for communication Expressive Language Receptive Language

11. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Classification According to cause. Receptive language = difficulties in comprehending what others say. Expressive language = difficulty in formulating and using language. Aphasia = impairment of language comprehension, formulation, and use due to injury, disease, or mal- development of the brain.

12. Receptive Language Problems Encounters difficulty with understanding oral presentation of information Does not understand humor, figurative language, or abstract thought

13. Expressive Language Problems Limited use of vocabulary Searches for the right word Poor social language skills Hesitates to ask questions Jumps from topic to topic Topics chosen are concrete rather than abstract, temporal, or spatial Repetitive and unspecific

14. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Expressive Language Delay (Delayed Speech) Deficit in communication ability in which a person speaks like someone much younger. Associated with maturational delays. Causation. Partial or complete hearing loss. Opportunity to learn speech. Cerebral palsy and emotional disturbance. Negativistic behavior. Emotional health. Response efficiency. Intervention. Surgery and use of prosthetic appliances. Basic principles of learned behavior. Direct instruction. Collaborative efforts.

15. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Intervention Individualized language plans. Long range annual goals. Short range specific behavioral objectives. A statement of resources to be used. A description of evaluation methods. Beginning and end dates. Evaluation of the generalization of skills. Beginning language stimulation. Interventions for aphasia typically involve the development of an individual’s profile. Relearning or reacquiring language function. Strengths and limitations must both receive attention. Augmentative communication.

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Communication and Technology Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) Unaided – sign language Aided – depends on equipment or materials Communication board Computer with speech processor Word prediction software

17. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Speech disorders Speech behavior that is sufficiently deviant from normal that it attracts attention. Fluency Disorders Repeated interruptions, hesitations, or repetitions that seriously interrupt the flow of communication. Cluttering = speech that is overly rapid, disorganized, and occasionally filled with unnecessary words. Stuttering = flow of speech is abnormally interrupted by repetitions, blocking, or prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases.

18. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Stuttering Causation. Emotional disturbance emerging from parent-child interaction. Biological makeup or neurological structures. Brain hemisphere function. Nervous system damage. Unsynchronized control mechanisms for speech. Learned behavior. Heredity and gender. Intervention. Modeling. Self-monitoring. Counseling. Speech rhythm therapy. Relaxation. Biofeedback.

19. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Speech disorders Articulation Disorders Abnormality in the speech-sound production process resulting in inaccurate or otherwise inappropriate execution of the speaking act. Omissions. Substitutions. Additions. Distortions of certain sounds. Causation Physical malformation, nerve injury, or brain damage. Cleft palate. Occlusion/malocclusion. Defective learning of the speaking act.

20. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Causation

21. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Articulation disorders Intervention. Treating functional articulation disorders in young school children. Developmental in nature. Resolve themselves without intervention. Articulation improves until the child is 9 or 10 years of age. Surgical repair of cleft palate. Use of prosthetic appliances. Dental malformations. Treatment of functional articulation = relearning the speaking act. Proper articulation plus the generalization of word configuration.

22. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Speech disorders Voice Disorders Unusual or abnormal acoustical qualities in a person’s speech. Subjectivity in determining voice normalcy. Problems are persistent when not treated. Nasality, hoarseness, or breathiness. Causation. Imitation of respected individuals. Misperceptions of the environment. Organic conditions. Abnormal nasality may be caused by improper tissue movement. Interventions. Surgical intervention. Direct instruction. Relearning of acceptable voice production.

23. Figure 10.4 Educational Placement of Students with Speech and Language Disorders

24. “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Prevalence Difficulties with accurate prevalence estimates. Different definitions Data collection procedures. Between 7 % and 10 % of the general population are affected. Speech or language impairments represented 19 % of all children (age 6-21) who were served in programs for students with disabilities. The frequency diminishes with age.