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Unit II: Post Classical Era:
Connecting the World – Exchange and Encounter 600 C.E.-1450
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CCOT Well established pattern of world history: globalization of civilizations Began w/ Mesopotamia/Egypt c 3000 BCE Larger form w/classical societies of Greece, Rome, Persia, India, China (500 BCE-500CE) unique societies but all had features of states, cities, specialized economic roles, gender & class distinctions; each borrowed from one another Larger form---of organization
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Muslim Civs- largest & most expansive
New religion New trade routes New encounters
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Older, classical civs reconstructed
Byzantine China India W. Africa Byz- eastern half of roman empire- contd Med Christian civ thru 1453 (Ottomans) China- 4 centuries of fragmentation- then Sui, Tang & Song restored imperial unity & reasserted Confucian traditions India- fell under Muslim rule (Dehli Sultanate) but cond w/Hinduism & caste W Africa- w/sahara-built empire on old Niger Vly civ
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New Civs E. Africa: Swahili city-states, Great Zimbabwe
Ukraine & W. Russia= Kievan Rus E & SE Asia- Japan, Angkor (Cambodia) Vietnam, Korea Indonesia Mesoamerica- collapse of Maya other people shaping area (Mexica/Aztec) Andean- Inca E & SE Asia- under authority of Chinese—tributary states
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Hybrid of old & new Western Europe Collapse of Roman Empire
Decentralized states Emerged as competing & rapidly growing A BREAK from the past to the current era- hundreds of yrs of disconnect More centered in Northern Europe & Germany rather than Italy & Med sea A backwater compared to Muslim civs until 1000 CE
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Afroeurasia connected………………..
Americas- somewhat connected NOT connected together as far as we know Oceania----trade b/w islands (Polynesia & New Zealand) & S. America c 400 CE (brought back sweet potato) Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Many connections were established among regions. These formed interregional patterns of unity.
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At the start of this era, numerous inventions, trade goods, ideas, and religions were starting to spread from their regions of origin. By the end of this period, many of these important ideas and useful things had spread all across Afroeurasia = cultural exchange
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Cultural exchange had many aspects.
Population increased and people migrated. Trade networks expanded - cities grew. Huge empires brought many different groups of people together. People shared ideas across regions.
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460 m= @ the same as the population of North America today!
World population: 250m- 460 m b/w 200 CE-1500 CE.
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Afroeurasia Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded.
Population growth in Afroeurasia affected the environment. Population Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded.
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Human impact on the environment had serious effects!
Population Human impact on the environment had serious effects! Wood insufficient for heat, construction, metal-working. Soil eroded/degraded. River flooding devastated villages, farmlands, cities. Famines- not enough food
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People migrated to new places in (& out) of Afroeurasia.
Population Vikings Mongols Germanic Tribes Turkic Groups Chinese Arabs Bantu-Speaking People of Africa People of Oceania Arabs= c 700 ce onward) Germanic- 400 ce onward Vikings ce Turks & Mongols 800 ce onward- Mongols became strong c 1200’s-1400’s Oceania- 300 early, small- larger movement 1200 bantu-all along People migrated to new places in (& out) of Afroeurasia.
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Migrations encouraged more cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia.
Population Migrations encouraged more cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia. Migrating groups moved into other groups’ territories, forcing them to go elsewhere. introduced new plants/animals into their new homes. Migrations diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts. Migrations diffused languages, styles of living, and arts. Asia- Champa Rice- vietnam to Japan Spices- from E Asia Iron Plows Manure usage for soil Canals, pumps, waterwheels Terraced mountainside farming Bananas from Malay to Africa Sub-Saharan & West Africa Grains, salt, textiles, bananas into Africa from Malay=nutrition! W. Europe- Iron plow Harness for oxen and horse collar Water mills Crop rotation SW Asia- Wheat, rice, spinach, eggplants, citrus
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many, many states and empires came… and went.
Building states and empires involved cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia.
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New ruling groups built on foundations of earlier states and empires.
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States and Empires in 600 CE
Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE
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States and Empires in 800 CE
Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara-Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE
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States and Empires in 1237 CE
Scandanavian Kingdoms Russia England Poland H.R.E. Mongol Empire France Spain Hungary Rum Koryo Portugal Almohad Caliphate Sung China Kamakura Japan Ayyubid Caliphate Delhi Sultanate Mali Angkor Ethiopia Oyo Benin Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1237 CE
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States and Empires in 1400 CE
Union of Kalmar Russian States Scotland England Poland-Lithuania Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Holy Roman Empire France Hungary Portugal Castile Ottoman Emp. Korea Timurid Empire Ashikaga Japan Granada Ming China Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Mali Ethiopia Siam Oyo Benin Vijayanagara Zanj City-States Majapahit Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1400 CE
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Empires Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions. Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies. Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts. Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups. How did states and empires stimulate cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia? Trade routes- Muslims & Mongols protected them extensively Patrons: Medici of Italy, Kublai Khan of China Gun powder 950 CE Canon- China , Italy, Spain…c 1325 Longbow- England…c could penetrate armor
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Trade The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between them…all in the name of wealth.
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Trade Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. From CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.
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Trade helped spread religions, languages, ideas, and arts.
Trade stimulated use of natural resources. Cities and manufacturing centers grew bigger. Banks, credit, and money systems encouraged regional and long distance trade. Trade How did expanding trade networks bring about cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?
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The spread of universal religions from 300-1500 CE
Buddhism Hinduism Islam Christianity Ideas Judaism- not universal- not one of conversion- a specific group, “chosen” lineage….today, though, its different The spread of universal religions from CE
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Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia?
Ideas Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia? Monks spread Buddhism. Traders and Sufi orders spread Islam. Missionaries spread Christianity.
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Ideas Universal faiths gave members a sense of community beyond political, class, or ethnic identities. Religious scholars gathered and recorded knowledge and founded institutions of learning. The spread of religions stimulated production and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, and the sciences. How did the spread of religion encourage cultural exchange in Afroeurasia?
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Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions of learning.
Ideas Song scholar Korean library European astronomer Muslim astronomers
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Natural sciences developed in
Ideas Natural sciences developed in many places. Indian Chinese Muslim European Chinese observatory- to help astronomers view the stars Muslim- anatomy- Aristotle- ideas of logic and critical approach to doctrine and thru acts of reason
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Transport and communication technologies improved.
Ideas Stern-rudder Mapmaking Books & paper Astrolabe Lateen sail Stirrup North Arabian camel saddle Lateen sail- c 200 BCE Rome but widely used Indian Ocean basin c 700 ce Stern Rudder- early China, Egypt, evolved, used extensively during this period to steer ships Paper- China Stirrups- China 300 CE Astrolabe- Greeks- early- Muslims
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Water & energy technologies were transferred across Afroeurasia.
Ideas Hydraulic systems carried water where expanding cities needed it. Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and drain swamps. Waterwheels, windmills, and trip- hammers provided energy for pumping, grinding, milling, and pounding.
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CROPS Sorghum - cereal crop eastern Africa to China
Ideas Sorghum - cereal crop eastern Africa to China Citrus fruits rolled from SW Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song. Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the Mediterranean. Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China. Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into meals across the hemisphere. Bananas from Malay provided nutrition to Africans. CROPS Champa Rice- Vietnam- China
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The pace of innovation increased. Knowledge accumulated more quickly.
How did transfers of technology and products change people’s lives in Afroeurasia? Ideas The pace of innovation increased. Knowledge accumulated more quickly. Manufacturing and farming productivity increased. People’s diets and health improved. Sea travel and transport webs became thicker.
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The Americas and Afroeurasia were not yet permanently linked together.
…not until When Columbus set sail across the Atlantic . . . Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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two land masses were geographically isolated from each other.
The Americas: fewer people two land masses were geographically isolated from each other. Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and different in others. Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed.
Cultural development and exchange in the Americas: The Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires Sciences like astronomy, mathematics and engineering were developed. Trade routes connected regions. Mining, irrigation, and agricultural technologies developed. Crops like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate were grown. Mississippian Mica Moche Ceramic Mayan Calendar Inca Gold Maya calendar- 2 calendars- 365 days (day-to-day activity) ^ 260 (rituals) solar days together form cycle of 52 years. At end of each 52 yrs, something big happens Corn & Potatoes
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States and Empires in the Americas in 1500 CE
Mayan States Aztec Empire Inca Empire Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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It had to happen sooner or later!
At the very end of this era, European mariners set out on trans-oceanic voyages to the Americas. Those voyages linked the Americas with Afroeurasia for the first time since the migrations of people over 13,000 years earlier! It had to happen sooner or later!
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Stern-rudder Compass Lateen Sail Mapmaking Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia before 1500 CE made possible the technologies that in turn permitted transoceanic voyages. Is that why people from Afroeurasia “discovered” the Americas, and not the opposite?
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In the next era, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas started moving around the entire globe.
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