1. University of Oxford Department for Continuing Education From Civilisation To Barbarism? Western Britain in the Early Middle Ages Tutor: Dr Kirsten Jarrett

2. How might changing exchange networks have affected technologies - and how might this have affected identities? Economic (systems and) exchange: Trade / exchange & distribution of materials & products Technological exchange: skills / knowledge transference Cultural exchange: shared ideas → adoption of styles (visual ‘code’ / ‘message’ embedding beliefs & identities) or / and shared styles → changing ideas or ‘meanings’

3. How might the following have affected technologies - and identities? Withdrawal of the Roman state / military Restricted trade / exchange with the Continent & Mediterranean Transformation of established transportation systems / network ‘nodes’ (e.g. closure of roads, abandonment of towns) Development of localised and regional power & civil war

4. Building technologies: stone → timber – changing skills & materials and / or stylistic influence? Metalworking technologies: continuity of some styles, particular to needs of Western Britain? Recycling of materials Ceramic technologies: contraction of regional industries (changing superstructure – and markets?). Gradual stylistic & technological changes? Food / drink technologies: diet (ingredients, cooking techniques & associated material culture) may be closely related to social identities. Late C5 importation: supply drives or responds to particular ‘tastes’?

5. What might we learn from metalwork? Clothing / personal adornment (e.g. brooches, pins, hobnails) Building / manufacturing techniques / styles (e.g. nails & tools) Warfare / subsistence / leisure (e.g. weapons, knives) Style (not necessarily or directly) ≠ ‘ethnic’ or cultural identity Techniques & Composition : exchange networks & cultural influence

6. Bowl furnace Metalworking

7. Metalworking moulds and crucible, Dinas Powys Peripatetic? Copper alloy casting Techniques : Lead model ‘Cere Perdue’ (Lost Wax)

8. Champlevé: Cells cast or carved in surface of Field and filled with glass paste, then fired Millefiori Enamel

9. What might we learn from ceramics ? Techniques – comparable to prehistoric: Handmade (coil-built or ‘pinched’), ‘clamp-fired’ (lower temperatures – softer fabrics: less durable) Composition: ‘tempers’ & ‘inclusions’ Mostly local clays (stream-bank / dug) – but some wider distributions Finish: e.g. ‘grass marked’

10. ‘Grass-Tempered’ Pottery ‘British’: C5-6? Anglo-Saxon: C5+

11. Diet and cooking techniques (vessel forms & food / soot residues) Leisure & social / political networks / identities (food / drink in creating / maintaining social ties & obligations) (p. 13 Booklet) Building technologies (daub / fired clay: walls & ovens)

12. C4+ Ceramic styles C4+: increasingly ‘Roman’ in Cornwall? Hand-made pottery: C5 ‘devolution’ of ‘Roman’ styles & influence of Germanic?? C4+ (across west) samian seems to remain ‘fashionable’ – continued high status associations?

13. Imported ceramics: Mediterranean Amphorae: Late C5-6 North African Red Slipped Ware Biv/ LRA 3 N Afr. c. AD 475-550 Phocean Red Slipped Ware Bii / LRA 1 (Syria)

14. Imported ceramics: Continental ‘D Ware’: C6-7 Bordeux ‘E Ware’: C6-7 Gaulish / Frankish (derivee sigiltee pateochretienne – DSPA)

15. Trade Routes Mediterranean & East to Western Britain: late C5 – mid C6 East to eastern Britain: Late C6-C7+

16. Trading sites Bantham, Devon

17. Mothecombe, Devon

18. Bone, antler, and stone