1. ANCIENT ROME

2. ROME’S BEGINNINGS The Capitoline Wolf sculpture depicts a she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, Rome's legendary founders. Now a symbol of Rome.

3. Legends Much of Rome’s early history comes from legends. The legends may not be totally accurate but are useful in giving the qualities and values the early Romans admired.

4. Romulus Founder of Rome in 753 BCE First of seven kings Started Rome’s first army and government

5. Numa Pompilius Rome’s second king Brought peace to Rome Founded Rome’s religion

6. Etruscans Rome’s powerful neighbors to the north from Etruria Were wealthy traders Controlled Rome from 575 – 509 BCE Gave the Romans their alphabet and the “arch” Rome becomes a walled city with paved roads Built Circus Maximus, Temple of Jupiter, Cloaca Maxima

7. Tarquin the Proud Seventh and last king Was cruel and terrorized his people Ignored the Senate 509 BCE Romans rebel and send him into exile

8. GEOGRAPHY of ROME

10. 1)Rome was a city-state in Italy 2)Rome’s climate is a Mediterranean climate with summers being hot and dry and winters being wet and mild

11. 3) known as Latins, spoke Latin, were herders and farmers, harvested wheat, grapes, and olives

12. 4) Etruscan city-states were to the north of Rome and south of Rome were Greek colonies

13. 5)Built on hills – made it hard to attack On Tiber River – transportation route, resources 15 miles from the sea – safe from others’ navies and storms Center of Italy – could easily get to other places in Italy and in the Mediterranean

14. Mare Nostrum means “our sea” – eventually Rome controls all of the lands around the Mediterranean Sea

15. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

16. PATRICIANS The upper class – wealthy landowners Very small group – 5% of the population Chose the king’s advisors Controlled the most valuable land, held the key military and religious offices PLEBEIANS The lower class – peasants, laborers, artisans, shopkeepers Very large group – 95% of the population Very few privileges and say Paid most of the taxes and served in the army.

17. A Republic form of government’s purpose is to serve the people. It was established in Rome when the Patricians overthrew the last monarch/king Tarquin the Proud because King Tarquin wanted more power and was cruel. The Conflict of the Orders is when the Plebeians demanded more political rights because the Patricians were controlling almost everything since Tarquin’s removal.

18. Some Major Differences Between the Patricians and the Plebeians Patricians could only be consuls or senators, they made and interpreted the laws, small group, wealthy, etc. Plebeians paid the heavy taxes, were the soldiers, had no political powers, were the labor force, large group

19. The conflict between the Plebeians and the Patricians was resolved over time by the Plebeians would leave Rome and refuse to work or serve in the military and the Patricians would compromise with the Plebeians by giving them some power and say in the government each time this happened.

20. Rights gained by the Plebeians over the years: Tribunes of the Plebs to represent their interests to the Senate Council of Plebs that could make laws only about themselves All laws were written down – The Twelve Tables One consul had to be a plebeian – in this way it was possible for a plebeian to become a senator Eventually could make laws that everyone (patricians and plebeians) must obey/follow

21. The Roman Republic

22. CONSULS One patrician and one plebeian Head/leaders of the Republic Run the day to day affairs of Rome and command its army

23. SENATORS Three hundred patricians and ex-plebeian consuls They can make and veto laws about everyone Advised the consuls

24. Tribunes of the Plebs Ten plebeians who represent plebeian interests to the senate Advised the consuls They can make and veto laws about everyone

25. Citizens Assemblies Made up of all adult male Roman citizens Nominated people to be the consuls, to be members of the senate, and to be a Tribunes of the Plebs Approved or rejected all new laws

26. ROME’S EXPANSION

27. The Punic Wars

29. Conquest Goes Well

30. 1) took great pride in their Republic and defended it 2) treated conquered groups as allies 3) the Roman army was disciplined and experienced 4) military success was greatly valued and admired by Romans 5) winning wars was a great source of wealth to the Romans – land, valuables, slaves, etc.

31. Trouble at Home

32. 1) farmers would be gone a long time fighting 2) wealthy were controlling all of the land 3) there were many poor and unemployed people in Rome 4) Roman leaders quarreled and, at times, killed one another 5) the slaves rebelled

33. Fall of the Roman Republic

34. CAUSE Rapid expansion of the Roman Empire EFFECT Gap between the rich and poor grows

35. CAUSE Greedy, dishonest leaders EFFECT The poor felt no loyalty to the Roman government who was keeping them poor

36. CAUSE The poor felt no loyalty to the Roman government who was keeping them poor EFFECT Conflicts between rich and poor people grow

37. CAUSE Professional soldiers who were poor citizens and only made money if they won a battle EFFECT Soldiers only loyal to the generals who paid them

38. CAUSE Power hungry generals fight one another for control of government EFFECT Caesar’s rivals fear he is becoming too powerful and declare him a public enemy

39. CAUSE Caesar crosses the Rubicon River and brings his army with him to Rome EFFECT Civil War breaks out for three years

40. CAUSE Caesar defeats Pompey and declares himself dictator EFFECT This ends the Republican system of government in Rome

41. Roman Daily Life

42. POOR ROMAN Kids worked Adults had several jobs and women worked ~ tended to livestock and grew crops, did construction work and sold goods at the market, etc. Ate simple meals from the Thermopolia ~ takeout Sat on wooden benches far away at events Lived in one/two room apartments in tall apartment buildings in the city In the country they lived in shacks WEALTHY ROMAN Kids went to school Had a high, well paid job and wives ran the household and may also have a business job Ate elaborate meals and meals from the thermopolia Tried not to travel at night because of the crime Had box seats for events and were close up Would go on trips/vacations Had lots of luxury items Homes were made of stone or marble May own a country estate

43. The Fall of the Roman Empire

44. Economic Reasons High taxes wiped out the middle class Trade and businesses went down High unemployment due to slave labor

45. Political Reasons All of the fighting to be “emperor” Many different Emperors over a short time span

46. Social Reasons Crime Moral decay Lack of interest in the government

47. Military Reasons Army grew weak People did not enlist Recruited non-Romans to defend them Army became undisciplined

48. ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS

49. Architecture Buildings Aqueducts Roads

50. Authors/Writers Cicero Horace Virgil Livy Plutarch

51. Law Justinian Code ~ all people are equal and you are innocent to proven guilty

52. Language Latin is the basis for the Romance languages (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian) Given us many of our English words we use