Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
EXERCISE 17: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
2
Figure 17-1 Embryonic development of the human brain.
Neural tube (contains neural canal) Primary brain vesicles Secondary brain vesicles Adult brain structures Adult neural canal regions Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Lateral ventricles Anterior (rostral) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Third ventricle Mesencephalon (midbrain) Brain stem: midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Brain stem: pons Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Brain stem: medulla oblongata Posterior (caudal) Spinal cord Central canal
3
FOREBRAIN MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN
4
Figure 17-2a External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Gyrus Cortex (gray matter) Sulcus White matter Fissure (a deep sulcus) 4
5
Figure 17-2b External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal lobe Anterior Longitudinal fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Posterior 5
6
Figure 17-2c External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Frontal lobe Longitudinal fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe 6
7
Figure 17-2d External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Somatic sensation Somatosesory association cortex Taste Prefrontal cortex Vision Hearing 7
8
Pituitary gland Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract
Figure Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (2 of 3) Pituitary gland Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic tract Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Cerebral peduncle of midbrain 8
9
Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve
Figure Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (3 of 3) Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic tract Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord 9
10
Figure 17-4a Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain.
Lateral ventricle Corpus callosum Thalamus Pineal gland Superior colliculi Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculi Hypothalamus Arbor vitae Optic chiasma Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata 10
11
Figure 17-4b Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain.
Cerebral hemisphere Corpus callosum Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Cerebral aqueduct Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Pons Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 11
12
Figure 17-5b Basal nuclei. 12 Anterior Cerebral cortex
Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Thalamus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Posterior 12
14
CEREBRUM Transverse Fissure
16
ON PARIETAL LOBE Primary somato-sensory area
ON FRONTAL LOBE Primary motor area
17
Cortex (superficial) is gray matter White matter is deeper
19
DIENCEPHALON= thalamus + hypothalamus
20
Endocrine Attachments
Pineal Gland
21
MENINGES Same setup as spinal cord— Dura mater most superficial,
Arachnoid, Pia mater closest to brain
22
Mesencephalic or CEREBRAL aqueduct
23
CHOROID PLEXUSES Specialized capillaries in ventricles
Produce CSF—Circulates from here to central canal (s. cord) & around outside of brain/cord too
24
MIDBRAIN CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
25
HINDBRAIN
26
HINDBRAIN--cerebellum
27
Sensory Nerve Attachments
Optic nerves: to eyes Optic chiasm: cross Optic tracts: to brain
28
CRANIAL NERVES 12 pairs Connect to brain: CN I cerebrum CN II thalamus
CN III-XII brain stem O O O T T A F V G V A H S S M M B M B S B B M M Nerve names: Nerve functions:
29
Brain Overload!! Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly… Or Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good VIOLINS, AH! Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big BROWNIES Matter Most
30
CN I: OLFACTORY SENSORY Smell From olfactory epithelium
Olfactory nerve-bulb-tract (Cribriform foramina of ethmoid) 14-21
31
CN II: OPTIC SENSORY From retina Optic nerve-chiasm-tract
(Optic canal-sphenoid) 14-22
32
CN III: OCULOMOTOR Mostly MOTOR To eye muscles
(superior orbital fissures-sphenoid) 14-22
33
CN IV: TROCHLEAR Mostly MOTOR To superior oblique eye muscles
(superior orbital fissures-sphenoid) 14-22
34
CN V: TRIGEMINAL Mixed (sensory and motor) Ophthalmic Branch
Sensory-orbital, upper face structures Maxillary Branch Sensory-lower face structures Mandibular Branch Mixed-mouth
35
14-24
36
CN VI: ABDUCENS Mostly motor To lateral rectus eye muscles
(superior orbital fissure) 14-23
37
CN VII: FACIAL Mixed To parts of face
Expressions, tear/salivary glands 14-25
38
CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
Sensory, from inner ear Vestibular branch Balance, equilibrium Cochlear branch Hearing 14-26
39
CN IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
Mixed to head and neck Sensory: posterior tongue Motor: pharyngeal muscles (swallowing), salivary gland 14-27
40
CN X: VAGUS Mixed to visceral organs, larynx, pharynx
Sensory: ear, diaphragm, organs Motor: pharynx, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems 14-28
41
CN XI: ACCESSORY Join at foramen magnum Mostly motor
To muscles of neck, upper back Cranial root Fibers originate in medulla Spinal root Some motor fibers originate in spinal cord Join at foramen magnum 14-29
42
CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL Mostly motor To tongue muscles 14-29
44
Sheep Brain Dissection!
Gloves, Scalpel, forceps (tweezers), scissors We have goggles for you
45
Figure 17-11a-b Intact sheep brain.
Ventral Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary gland) Optic chiasma Infundibulum Mammillary body Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Mammillary body Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Trochlear nerve (IV) Cerebral peduncle Pons Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Cerebellum Facial nerve (VII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal root of the accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata 45
46
Figure 17-11c-d Intact sheep brain.
Dorsal Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 46
47
Figure 17-11a Intact sheep brain.
Ventral Olfactory bulb Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum Mammillary body Cerebral peduncle Pons Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Medulla oblongata 47
48
Figure 17-11b Intact sheep brain.
Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Infundibulum (stalk of pituitary gland) Optic chiasma Mammillary body Optic tract Cerebral peduncle Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Trochlear nerve (IV) Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Cerebellum Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal root of the accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata 48
49
Figure 17-11c Intact sheep brain.
Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 49
50
Figure 17-11d Intact sheep brain.
Dorsal Cerebrum Cerebellum 50
51
Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphered Pineal gland Superior
Figure Means of exposing the dorsal midbrain structures of the sheep brain. Occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphered Pineal gland Superior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculi of corpora quadrigemina Cerebellum 51
52
Cerebral hemisphere Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Cerebellum
Figure Photograph of sagittal section of the sheep brain showing internal structures. Cerebral hemisphere Parietal lobe Corpus callosum Cerebellum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Pineal gland Fornix Arbor vitae Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Corpora quadrigemina Fourth ventricle Medulla oblongata Cerebral peduncle Optic chiasma Pons 52
53
Figure 17-14 Coronal section of a sheep brain.
Third ventricle Fornix Lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Thalamic nuclei Third ventricle Hypothalamus 53
54
Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (1 of 4)
55
Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (2 of 4)
55
56
Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (3 of 4)
56
57
Table 17-1 The Cranial Nerves (see Figure 17.9) (4 of 4)
57
58
Review Figure 17-1 58
59
Review Figure 17-2 59
60
Review Figure 17-3 60
61
Review Figure 17-4 61
63
Sheep Brain Dissection
Safety First! Sharps: blades and blade holders Goggles Gloves Biohazard waste disposal No tissue down the drain! Gloves also Cleaning the dissection trays & your instruments
64
Sheep Brain Dissection
65
Sheep Brain Superficial Dura mater, pia mater
Lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
66
Superficial Pituitary gland Olfactory bulbs Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract Oculomotor nerve
67
Sheep Brain Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Cerebral white matter
Longitudinal section Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum 4th ventricle Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum (arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex)
71
Sheep Brain Transverse section Lateral ventricles
72
Sheep Brain Dura mater, pia mater Pituitary gland Olfactory bulbs
Superficial Dura mater, pia mater Pituitary gland Olfactory bulbs Optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tract Oculomotor nerve Cerebral cortex (gray matter) Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Lateral, third, 4th ventricles Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum (arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex) Longitudinal section & Transverse section
73
Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis
Figure 17-6a Cerebellum. Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis 73
74
Brain stem (midbrain) Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Deep cerebellar
Figure 17-6b Cerebellum. Brain stem (midbrain) Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Deep cerebellar nuclei Caudal (inferior) Vermis (cut) 74
75
Figure 17-7a Meninges of the brain.
Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Dura mater Meningeal Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Subdural space Pia mater Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Blood vessel Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) 75
76
Figure 17-7b Meninges of the brain.
Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Straight sinus Tentorium cerebelli Crista galli of the ethmoid bone Falx cerebelli Pituitary gland 76
77
Figure 17-7c Meninges of the brain.
Parietal bone Superior sagittal sinus Scalp Falx cerebri Occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli Dura mater Falx cerebelli Transverse sinus Cerebellum Temporal bone Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata 77
78
Figure 17-8a Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral ventricle Anterior horn Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Central canal Anterior view 78
79
Figure 17-8b Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral ventricle Inferior horn Anterior horn Interventricular foramen Posterior horn Third ventricle Median aperture Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Central canal Left lateral view 79
80
Figure 17-8c Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Arachnoid villus Superior sagittal sinus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Choroid plexus Meningeal dura mater Interventricular foramen Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Third ventricle Tentorium cerebelli Cerebral aqueduct Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Spinal dura mater Central canal of spinal cord Inferior end of spinal cord 80
81
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Figure Ventral aspect of the human brain, showing the cranial nerves. Frontal lobe Filaments of olfactory nerve (I) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Temporal lobe Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (III) Facial nerve (VII) Trochlear nerve (IV) Vestibulo- cochlear nerve (VIII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Cerebellum Accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 81
82
Figure 17-10 Photograph of lateral aspect of the human brain.
Left cerebral hemisphere Brain stem Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum 82
Similar presentations
