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The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe The Biological Basis of Behavior: Unit II.

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Presentation on theme: "The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe The Biological Basis of Behavior: Unit II."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Brain: Our Three Pound Universe The Biological Basis of Behavior: Unit II

2 I. The Three Brains A. Hindbrain – part of the brain at the rear base of the skull, involved in the basic processes of life  1. oldest part  2. responsible for automatic and survival functions  3. Three parts Medulla Cerebellum pons

3 B. Midbrain – small part of the brain above the pons that relays sensory information upward (vision & hearing).  Reticular activating system C. Forebrain – the most highly developed part of the brain responsible for the most complex aspects of behavior and mental life.  1. covers the brain’s central core  2. 4 parts Thalamus Hypothalamus cerebral cortex corpus callosum

4 Brain Lobes (Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex in divided into 4 lobes.) Occipital (back) Temporal (side, below ears) Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area Parietal (top and rear) Frontal (behind forehead)

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7 Limbic System Inner edge of cerebrum  Learning and memory  Emotion  Hunger  Sex  aggression

8 Major parts of the brain and their functions Forebrain  Thalamus-relay station for sensory stimulation Relays messages from sense organs for interpretation  Hypothalamus-vital, regulates body temp., storage of nutrients, motivation, and emotion Hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, and aggression  Cerebrum- 70% of brain’s weight Cerebral cortex-wrinkled surface, part that “thinks”  Memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perception, etc. Corpus callosum-connects two brain hemispheres of cerebral cortex

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10 Major parts of the brain and their functions (contd.) Midbrain  Reticular activating system-stretches from hindbrain through midbrain, to lower part of forebrain attention Sleep Arousal (heart rates/blood pressure) Alcohol lowers activity

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12 Major parts of the brain and their functions (contd.) Hindbrain  Medulla-heart rate and breathing, blood pressure, vital functions  Pons-coordinates left & right sides of body, body movement, attention, sleep alertness  Cerebellum-balance and coordination

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14 Brain Lobes (sensory & motor areas) Occipital (back)  Primary visual area Temporal (side, below ears)  Hearing/auditory area Wernicke’s Area  Language function, puts together sounds & sights Broca’s Area  Language function Damage to areas causes “aphasia”  Trouble understanding, producing language Parietal (top and rear)  Skin senses Frontal (behind forehead)  Motor skills, executive center Solve problems, make plans & decisions, core of working memory

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16 II. The Cerebral Hemispheres: Left and Right A. corpus callosum – a connection of nerve bundles that carry messages between our two brain hemispheres

17 B. each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. C. laterization – specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres (L&R) for particular functions

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19 III. Split Brain Patients Study A. Split Brain Patients- those who due to epilepsy, have their corpus callosum cut.

20 Testing the Divided Brain

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22 B. Accidents Phineas Gage Story Personality changed after the accident. What does this tell us? That different part of the brain control different aspects of who we are.

23 Neuroimaging Techniques  1. Computerized axial tomography (CAT Scan) a) x-rays beam around the head (3D view) b) pinpoints injuries and brain deterioration

24  2. Position Emission Topography (PET Scan) a) can see which areas of the brain are activated when performing tasks b) a radioactive solution is injected into the body Shows activity vs snapshot

25  3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) a) can see structures in detail, hard to see areas b) magnetic fields and radio waves c) more powerful than CAT scan


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