1. AP Microeconomics Costs in the Short Run

2. How would you label each of these curves? How are each of the three curves derived? TP: units of labor and the output they produce. Total Product Average Product Marginal Product

3. How would you label each of these curves? How are each of the three curves derived? AP: TP ÷ Units of Labor MP: the extra units of TP derived from the addition of one more unit of labor Total Product Average Product Marginal Product

4. What do you think these stages represent? The Three Stages of Production Stage 1: Increasing Returns:  MP is pos & increasing Stage 2: Diminishing Returns  MP is pos, but decreasing Stage 3: Negative Returns  MP is negative

5. At what stage of production should a producer be at? What more information would you need to know to determine the exact point of perfect production?

6. Costs in the Short Run Short Run *firms face limits imposed by some fixed factor of production *new firms cannot enter and existing firms cannot leave

7. Costs in the Short Run The Total Costs a firm incurs can be calculated by adding together the firms fixed costs and variable costs.  TC = TFC + TVC

8. Costs in the Short Run Fixed Costs (TFC):  costs that a firm must pay even at a zero production; in the short run they are constant. Variable Costs (TVC):  costs that depend on the level of production chosen

9. Can you distinguish between fixed costs (FC) and variable costs (VC)? 1. ____ Mortgage payments on a factory 2. ____ Expenses for hot dog buns at a restaurant 3. ____ Electric bills at an all- electric print ship 4. ____ The cost of a new printing press 5. ____ Wages paid to auto workers 6. ____ Long-term salary contracts with top management 7. ____ Insurance premiums at a factory 8. ____ A salesperson’s mileage expenses 9. ____ Lease payments on rented equipment 10. ____ Advertising 11. ____ Security guards on premises 12. ____ Property Taxes F V V F V F F V F V F F

10. Costs in the Short Run Some businesses’ fixed costs make up a larger portion of their Total Costs. What type of businesses would have higher fixed costs than variable costs? Some businesses’ variable costs make up a larger portion of their Total Costs. What type of businesses would have higher variable costs than fixed costs?

11. Costs in the Short Run Total Fixed Costs (TFC), sometimes called overhead, are those costs that do not change with output. Firms have no control over fixed costs in the short run; for this reason, fixed costs are sometimes called sunk costs. Because in the short run TFC are constant, the graph is: Horizontal TFC Quantity costcost

12. Costs in the Short Run Average Fixed Cost (AFC): sometimes called spreading overhead; AFC = TFC q

13. Whereas TFC is a horizontal line, AFC is a downward sloping line. As output is increased, AFC will decline getting closer and closer to zero; however AFC will never reach zero. Let’s complete the table and graph it

14. Computing & Graphing qTFCAFC 0$1,000 11,000 2 3 4 5 --- $1000 $500 $333.33 $250 $200 C O S T ($) Units of Output 12345 0 250 500 750 1000 TFC AFC

15. Costs in the Short Run Total Variable Costs (TVC): the sum of those costs that vary with the level of output in the short run This cost depends on the techniques of production that are available and the prices of the inputs required by each technology.

16. Output Using Technique Units of Input RequiredTotal Variable Cost (P K = $2, P L = $1) KL 0A00 B00 1A44 B26 2A76 B410 3A96 B614 $0 $12 $14 $20 $18 $24 $26

17. Graphing TVC When graphing Total Variable Cost the graph shows the relationship between level of output and the Total Variable Cost with the optimal method of technology utilized at each output. OutputTVC0 112 218 324 CoST$CoST$ Units of Output 0 1 23 8 16 24