1. Historical Aspect Social Political Economic 18th Century Trend
Secularism and Religious Pluralism
Scientific View of Universe; Natural Philosophy
Social
Centralization
Monarch with centralized state; Constitutional Government
Political
Towns and cities; Economic Freedom
Overseas Empire; Mercantilism; Science and Material Progress
Economic

2. Welfare state; labor movement; modern class system
19th Century
Trend
Historical Aspect
Welfare state; labor movement; modern class system
Social
Nation States; large electorates; political parties; centralized bureaucracies
Political
Interdependence; large scale corporate structures; military establishment
Economic

3. Chapter 23

4. Population Trends and Migration
The proportion of Europeans in the world’s total population was greater than ever before or since 1900
Trends show that in the developed world population growth is slow/stable whereas in the undeveloped world it is rapidly growing
Emancipation, advanced transportation, cheap land, and general opportunity led to mass migration from Europe elsewhere

5. The Second Industrial Revolution
The European Continent quickly caught up with British industry
Industrialization was first defined by textiles, steam and iron; The second industrial revolution was defined by steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum
Henry Bessemer; Solvay process of alkali production; electricity – most versatile and transportable source of energy; Gottlieb Daimler – internal combustion engine; Henry Ford – affordable car led to unlimited mobility and increased the use of oil
Economic Difficulties - grave pressure on European agriculture because of foreign competition made possible by refrigerated ships and cheap transportation costs
General standard of living rose in Europe due to better wages, cheaper products, urbanization, and increased consumer goods (rise of mass marketing)

6. The Middle Class Ascendancy
The middle class was not revolutionary after 1848 – protect private property
Social distinctions within the middle class
Owners and managers of great banks and businesses (WH Smith; Krupp)
Entrepreneurs and professionals
Shopkeepers and school teachers
Petite bourgeoisie – “white collar workers” – bureaucrats
The middle class drove consumerism; established societies new values and goals

7. Late 19th Century Urban Life
Cities became the center of commerce, trade, government, and leisure activities
Urban renewal – rebuilding of cities
Suburbs
Public Health became a major government interest – sanitation and housing reform; bacterial theory of disease – Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister

8. Varieties of Late 19th Century Women’s Experience
Women remained economically dependant and legally inferior
No property rights once married; almost impossible to divorce; no control over sexual or reproductive rights; lack of education
Availability of new jobs – low skill; no chance of advancement; low pay; exploitation
Withdraw from labor force – employers looked for young unmarried women; smaller families and longer living husbands allowed for women to stay at home

9. Middle class women – the cult of domesticity
Poverty and Prostitution – working class women were exploited; poor women used prostitution as a means to an end
Middle class women – the cult of domesticity
Trophy wife
Religious and charitable activities
Sexuality and family size – size limited by affordability and dangers of child birth
The rise of political feminism – obstacles to achieving equality – division over goals and tactics
Votes for women in Britain – most advanced women’s movement – 1918; France – after World War II; Germany – 1919

10. Jewish Emancipation
In Western Europe the Jews found equal or nearly equal citizenship; much lesser extent in Eastern Europe; none in Russia – pogroms were encouraged
At the end of the 19th century organized anti-Semitism existed all throughout Europe

11. Labor, socialism and politics to World War I
Trade Unionism – legal by the end of the century; skilled vs. unskilled; unions allowed workers a collective form of association to confront economic difficulties and improve security
Democracy and Political Parties
Major European powers adopted broad based electoral systems in the late 19th century; no reform in Russia
Socialists – reform or revolution
Karl Marx and the First International – connected socialists on the continent; Marxism was dominant force – scientific socialism

12. Great Britain and Early Welfare Programs
The Fabian Society – work through government to promote socialist ideas and programs; led by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas; H.G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw
Labour Party formed which forces Liberal Party to adopt pro-union ideas
National Insurance Act of 1911 – provides employment benefits and health care
Parliament Act of 1911 – House of Commons can override veto of House of Lords
France: Opportunism rejected – Second International; opportunism – should socialists serve in government cabinet; embraced anarchism and strikes

13. Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism
German Social Democratic Party (SPD) – policy of hostility to non-socialist government
Bismarck tries to destroy socialism – ends up creating modern welfare state to appease workers
Erfurt Program – continued policy of hostility by SPD; believed in the eventual collapse of capitalism and the need of workers to control the means of production
Revisionism – Edward Bernstein believed that Marx was wrong and socialists should follow evolutionary socialism towards social democracy

14. Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism
Industrialization, led by Alexander III and Nicholas II, leads to political and social turmoil; kulaks and zemtvos
Lenin’s early thought and career
Was a Marxist – believed revolution was the only possible was to change in illiberal Russia
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov – rejected view of inevitable revolution and view of social democracy; believed in a small, professional, non-democratic revolutionary party that would lead two revolutions – peasants and workers

15. Revolution of 1905 – in reaction to the embarrassing Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 and because of poor working conditions Russians poured out into the streets to protest and workers went out on strike
Bloody Sunday – troops massacre workers during a protest in St. Petersburg
October Manifesto – Nicholas promised “ freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union.”; He also agreed to summon the Duma – elected national assembly
Russian government led by P.A. Stolypin until his assassination in 1911