1. Answer the following questions:
Do Now
Read the article titled, Sea Turtles Use Earth’s Magnetic Field to Find Home
Answer the following questions:
According to scientists, how many years have sea turtles been detecting magnetic fields for?
What do you think “imprinting” means?
What is the difference in evidence researchers found in this study compared to previous studies?
How do magnetic fields change?
Did the turtles shift their nesting locations as magnetic fields changed? Was there a correlation?

2. Marine Mammals

3. Marine Mammal Classification
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Pinnipedia Sirenia Cetacea
Seals Dugong Toothed Whale
Sea Lions Manatee Baleen Whales
Walruses

4. Pinnipeds
Seal Sea Lion
Walrus

5. Sirenians
Dugong Manatee

6. Cetaceans Toothed Whales Baleen Whales Beluga Orca Sperm Whale
Pilot whale pod
Orca
Beluga

7. What are the things that make a marine mammal a mammal?
Vertebrates
Warm blooded
Breath air through lungs
Live birth
Mammary glands
Hair
Also, usually large brains and different shapes and sizes of teeth

8. for life in a wet, cold and salty place.
How is it that these mammals are able to survive in a marine environment?
ADAPTATIONS
for life in a wet, cold and salty place.

9. Swimming Streamlined body to reduce drag
Powerful, efficient appendages
Efficient use of O2 in lungs
O2 is stored in blood (myoglobin) and muscles
Voluntary and conscious breathing
Collapsible lungs, thick cartilaginous trachea to
tolerate pressure changes
High tolerance to lactic acid muscles can work anaerobically

10. Thermoregulation
Large body, small surface-to volume ratio reduces heat loss
Blubber and/or underfur
Complex circulatory system conserves and dissipates heat

11. Water Conservation Use freshwater from food, inhaled air and blubber
Remove salts from bodies using many small kidneys

12. Marine Mammal Evolution
Life evolved in sea 3 billion years ago
Ancestors in and out of sea, on and off of land as food was available.
Whales and dolphins share a common ancestor with sheep, cows, pigs, giraffes? Related to hippos?
Manatees relatives of elephants?
Seals relatives of bears or canines ? 12

13. Evolution of a Seal

14. Evolution of a Whale PHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS: Feet to Flippers-
Front legs became paddle-like for steering
Hind legs disappeared
Nostrils to Blow hole-
Moved to the top of the head and became blowholes
Quick breathing while swimming
Tail to Fluke-
Animal tail widened into horizontal flukes for swimming
Body Shape-
Became sleek and torpedo-shaped “streamlined” for movement through water

15. Do Now Name 2 types of marine mammals
How can marine mammals dive so deep with increasing water pressure?
What specific evidence shows that whales evolved from land ancestors?

16. Breathing Air is precious and in short supply while diving.
A seal’s heart rate slows
when diving and blood
is directed away from
extremities towards heart,
lungs and brain.
Whales have double
the amount of blood
and # of red blood
cells than land
mammals.

17. Temperature
Cold is a problem for many marine mammals - water conducts heat 25x faster than air.
*Blubber to insulate and streamline
*Blubber as stored energy
Seals have braided
arteries so that cold
blood is warmed.
Some whales have
blubber 20 inches
thick!

18. Types of Pinnipeds Phocidae Odobenidae Otariidae
True Seals Walrus Sea Lions
Fur Seals

19. True Seals - Phocidae Harbor Seal – Phoca Vitulina Most common to LI
m. (5.5ft., 250 lbs., females smaller, 200lbs.)
Variable gray color with dark spots
Piscivorous - Squid, mackerel, flounder, herring and crab, 12 – 15lbs./day
Found in North Pacific and North Atlantic, Hudson Bay
Summer in the Gulf of Maine and north, they breed there and find food.
Come to LI late November – April, sometimes longer
Pups born mid-May – July, 75 cm, 10kg, swim from birth weaned in 3 – 4 weeks, mother’s milk 50% fat

20. Other True Seals
Harp Seals – Pagophilus groenlandica - big spots and blotches, like dalmatians. Whiskers are cat-like, bushy and thinner. Can grow to 6 ft., 400lbs.
Hooded Seals – Cristophora cristata - blue backs, can grow up to 9 ft. and 900lbs., females 7 ft., 670lbs.
Gray Seals – Halichoerus grypus - horse heads, long snout, molt in June. Can grow to ft., 800lbs.

21. Types of Cetaceans Mysticetes_______ Odontocetes Baleen Toothed
2 blow holes blow hole

22. Baleen Whales - Mysticetes
Larger whales including:
Blue
Finback
Humpback
Right
Gray

23. Diet and Feeding Mysticetes –
Filter feed by catching zooplankton or small schooling fish by skimming or gulping large volumes of prey in water.
Tongue forces water to back of mouth past hundreds of baleen plates acting as sieves to trap the prey, then swallow.

24. Humpback Whale – Megaptera novaeangliae
40-50 ft long, 40 tons
Males have complex whale song
Feed during summer in Arctic
Breaching, Tail flopping
Breed and give birth during winter
Population dropped by 90% during whaling industry
May live 50 years

25. Fin Whale – Balaenoptera physalus
70 ft long, 70 tons
Can swim up to 35 mph
Dives for as long as 50 minutes
Winters in the Arctic, food rich
Summers near Equator, live off fat
May live 90 years

26. Blue Whale – Balaenoptera musculus
75-90ft, 125tons – Earth’s largest animal ever
May consume 4 tons of zooplankton each day in summer
Summer most frequently off eastern Canada
Winter to Florida and Gulf of Mexico
May live 80 years

27. Toothed Whales - Odontocetes
Smaller whales including:
Beluga
Orca
Sperm
Pilot
Sperm Whale
Pilot whale pod
Orca
Beluga
Odontocetes

28. Diet and Feeding
Odontocetes have variable number of identical conical teeth or spade shaped teeth used to strain or grasp prey, primarily fish and squid

29. Sperm Whale – Physeter macroencephalus
60 ft, 70 tons
Square head 1/3 length of body
Narrow, underslung jaw
36-50 conical teeth in lower jaw only
Deepest, longest dives – up to 2 hours, 9,800 ft
Present year round in Gulf of Mexico and NC to Georges Bank

30. Killer Whale – Orcinus orca
30 ft, 8 tons
Round head, slight beak
20-26 teeth in both upper and lower rows
Highly social
Diverse diet to include fish, squid, reptiles, marine mammals
More common n. of NJ

31. Bottlenose Dolphin – Tursiops truncatus
6-12 ft, kg
Well-defined beak
2 “ecotypes” – coastal, short and slim
offshore, larger
40-52 conical teeth, upper, lower
Groups of 10s to 100s
Gulf of Mexico to Cape Hatteras

32. The Future?

33. History of Whaling on Long Island
Oil - Candles
Soap - Furniture
Horse whips Umbrellas
Fishing rods Corsets