1. Topics in Artificial Intelligence: Discourse and Dialogue CS 359 Gina-Anne Levow September 25, 2001

2. 2 Course Information Web page: http://www.classes/cs.uchicago.edu/classes/ archive/2001/fall/CS359 Instructor: Gina-Anne Levow Office Hours: TTH 1:30-2:30, RY 162C

3. 3 Grading Discussion-oriented class –Email discussion topics before each session 10% Class participation 20% Homework exercises 20% Each article presentation (up to 2) 30-50% Term project

4. 4 Spoken Language System: Data Flow Discourse Interpretation Dialogue Management Signal Processing Speech Recognition Semantic Interpretation Response Generation Speech Synthesis Discourse & Dialogue

5. 5 Question-Answering System: Data Flow Document Retrieval Tokenization Syntactic Analysis Semantic Analysis Answer Selection Semantic Analysis Question Type Analysis Syntactic Analysis Discourse Interpretation Document Collection Question Answer

6. 6 Discourse & Dialogue: Overview Discourse and dialogue –Discourse interpretation –Dialogue management Dialogue evaluation

7. 7 Discourse & Dialogue Processing Discourse interpretation: –Correctly interpret meaning of utterance in context Reference: Pronouns Intention: Goal of utterance, Relationships among utterances Dialogue management: –Develop appropriate goals to respond to conversational partner Finite-state, Template-based, Agent-based –Manage interaction Turn-taking, Initiative, Openings, Politeness

8. 8 Discourse Interpretation Goal: understand what the user really intends Example: Can you move it? –What does “it” refer to? –Is the utterance intended as a simple yes-no query or a request to perform an action? Issues addressed: –Reference resolution –Intention recognition From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

9. 9 U: Where is A Bug’s Life playing in Summit? S: A Bug’s Life is playing at the Summit theater. U: When is it playing there? S: It’s playing at 2pm, 5pm, and 8pm. U: I’d like 1 adult and 2 children for the first show. How much would that cost? Reference Resolution Knowledge sources: –Domain knowledge –Discourse knowledge –World knowledge From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

10. 10 Reference Resolution: Global Focus/ Task (From Grosz “Typescripts of Task-oriented Dialogues”) E: Assemble the air compressor.. … 30 minutes later… E: Plug it in / See if it works (From Grosz) E: Bolt the pump to the base plate A: What do I use? …. A: What is a rachet wrench? E: Show me the table. The rachet wrench is […]. Show it to me. A: It is bolted. What do I do now?

11. 11 Reference Resolution Local structure: Recent frequent mention.. Global structure: Task structure, –Subdialogues for clarification Models: Focus stacks, Centering

12. 12 Relation Recognition: Intention A: You seem very quiet today; is there a problem? B: I have a headache. Answer A: Would you be interested in going to dinner tonight? B: I have a headache. Reject

13. 13 Relation Recognition: Intention (Cont’d) Goals: Match utterance with 1+ dialogue acts, capture information Sample dialogue actions: –Verbmobil Greet/Thank/Bye Suggest Accept/Reject Confirm Clarify-Query/Answer Give-Reason Deliberate

14. 14 Relation Recognition: Intention Knowledge sources: –Overall dialogue goals –Orthographic features, e.g.: punctuation cue words/phrases: “but”, “furthermore”, “so” transcribed words: “would you please”, “I want to” –Dialogue history, i.e., previous dialogue act types –Dialogue structure, e.g.: subdialogue boundaries dialogue topic changes –Prosodic features of utterance: duration, pause, F0, speaking rate Empirical methods/ Manual rule construction: Probabilistic dialogue act classifiers: HMMs Rule-based dialogue act recognition: CART, Transformation-based learning

15. 15 U: What time is A Bug’s Life playing at the Summit theater? Intention Recognition: Example Using keyword extraction and vector-based similarity measures: –Intention: Ask-Reference: _time –Movie: A Bug’s Life –Theater: the Summit quadplex From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

16. 16 Relation Recognition: Information Goal: determine the informational relations between adjacent utterances or spans Examples: –Antz is not playing at the Maplewood theater; [Nucleus] the theater’s under renovation. (evidence) [Satellite] –Would you like the suite? [Nucleus] It’s the same price as the regular room. (motivation) [Satellite] –Can you get the groceries from the car? [Nucleus] The key is on the dryer. (enablement) [Satellite]

17. 17 Relation Recognition: Information Knowledge sources: –Domain knowledge base –User beliefs –User model: user characteristics, preferences, etc. –Dialogue history Information relation mechanisms: –Schemas: patterns of predicates –Rule-based recognition –Plan-based recognition: Recipes: templates for performing actions Planner: to construct plans for given goal –Case-based reasoning Empirical methods/ Manual rule construction: Probabilistic dialogue act classifiers: HMMs Rule-based dialogue act recognition: CART, Transformation-based learning

18. 18 Discourse & Dialogue: Overview Discourse and dialogue –Discourse interpretation –Dialogue management Dialogue evaluation

19. 19 Dialogue Management: Motivating Examples Dialogue 1: S: Would you like movie showtime or theater playlist information? U: Movie showtime. S: What movie do you want showtime information about? U: Saving Private Ryan. S: At what theater do you want to see Saving Private Ryan? U: Paramount theater. S: Saving Private Ryan is not playing at the Paramount theater. From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

20. 20 DM: Motivating Examples (Cont’d) Dialogue 2: S: How may I help you? U: When is Saving Private Ryan playing? S: For what theater? U: The Paramount theater. S: Saving Private Ryan is not playing at the Paramount theater, but it’s playing at the Madison theater at 3:00, 5:30, 8:00, and 10:30. From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

21. 21 DM: Motivating Examples (Cont’d) Dialogue 3: S: How may I help you? U: When is Saving Private Ryan playing? S: For what theater? U: The Paramount theater. S: Saving Private Ryan is playing at the Fairmont theater at 6:00 and 8:30. U: I wanted to know about the Paramount theater, not the Fairmont theater. S: Saving Private Ryan is not playing at the Paramount theater, but it’s playing at the Madison theater at 3:00, 5:30, 8:00, and 10:30. From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

22. 22 Comparison of Sample Dialogues Dialogue 1: –System-initiative –Implicit confirmation –Merely informs user of failed query –Mechanical –Least efficient Dialogue 2: –Mixed-initiative –No confirmation –Suggests alternative when query fails –More natural –Most efficient Dialogue 3: –Mixed-initiative –No confirmation –Suggests alternative when query fails –More natural –Moderately efficient From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

23. 23 Controls flow of dialogue –Openings, Closings, Politeness, Clarification,Initiative –Link interface to backend systems Mechanisms: increasing flexibility, complexity –Finite-state –Template-based –Agent-based Plan inference Theorem proving Rational agency Acquisition –Hand-coding, probabilistic dialogue grammars, automata, HMMs Dialogue Management

24. 24 Discourse & Dialogue: Overview Discourse and dialogue –Discourse interpretation –Dialogue management Dialogue evaluation

25. 25 Dialogue Evaluation System-initiative, explicit confirmation –better task success rate –lower WER –longer dialogues –fewer recovery subdialogues –less natural Mixed-initiative, no confirmation –lower task success rate –higher WER –shorter dialogues –more recovery subdialogues –more natural From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99

26. 26 Dialogue System Evaluation Black box: –Task accuracy wrt solution key –Simple, but glosses over many features of interaction Glass box: –Component-level evaluation: E.g. Word/Concept Accuracy, Task success, Turns-to-complete –More comprehensive, but Independence? Generalization? Performance function: –PARADISE[Walker et al]: Incorporates user satisfaction surveys, glass box metrics Linear regression: relate user satisfaction, completion costs

27. 27 Publicly Available Telephone Demos Nuance http://www.nuance.com/demo/index.html –Banking: 1-650-847-7438 –Travel Planning: 1-650-847-7427 –Stock Quotes: 1-650-847-7423 SpeechWorks http://www.speechworks.com/demos/demos.htm –Banking: 1-888-729-3366 –Stock Trading: 1-800-786-2571 MIT Spoken Language Systems Laboratory http://www.sls.lcs.mit.edu/sls/whatwedo/applications.html –Travel Plans (Pegasus): 1-877-648-8255 –Weather (Jupiter): 1-888-573-8255 IBM http://www.software.ibm.com/speech/overview/business/demo.html –Mutual Funds, Name Dialing: 1-877-VIA-VOICE From Caroenter and Chu-Carroll, Tutorial on Spoken Dialogue Systems, ACL ‘99