2. Ex. 3: Staining Techniques - Gram Stain, part 1 Chromophores Basic vs. acidic dyes

3. Objectives Explain the value of staining microorganisms Prepare a specimen slide including air-drying and heat-fixing Identify the most common shapes of bacteria Explain the difference between acidic and basic stains Explain rational and procedure of Gram stain Perform and interpret Gram stain Recognize the differences between eu- and pro- karyotic cells and estimate all cell sizes using micro- oculometer

4. Differential Stain 1.Primary stain (stains all cells on slide) 2.Decolorizing step (removes stain from certain types of cells) 3.Counterstain (stains the decolorized cells)

5. Strongly advised When doing any of the microbiology labs: 1.make sure to carefully follow the procedure outlined in the Materials and Methods section 2.Pay attention to any additional advice given by your instructor or technician 3.Always read the labs before coming to class! 4.Have fun!

6. Lab Bench Organization

7. Prepare a Cheek Cell Smear Allow smear to air dry

8. Heat fix

9. Movie Clip on Heat Fixing http://deimos.apple.com/WebObjects/Core.woa/Browsev2/laspositascollege.edu

10. Gram Stain is …. …the most important bacterial stain! Therefore: Memorize steps as soon as possible

11. Primary stain Mordant Decolorizing agent Counterstain Gram Staining Reagents

12. Gram Stain Mechanism (slide from lecture) Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell. Gram-positive –Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan –CV-I crystals do not leave Gram-negative –Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan. –CV-I washes out

13. Staining

14. Blotting

15. Using the Oil Immersion Lens

17. When viewing the specimens with the microscope, estimate cell sizes by using the eyepiece micro-oculometer. While in theory, each microscope should be calibrated separately, for our purposes it will be good enough to use the following conversion chart: 10 x objective lens: 1 ocular unit = 10  m 40 x objective lens: 1 ocular unit = 2.5  m 100 x objective lens: 1 ocular unit = 1  m

18. Remember the Trouble Shooting Trouble focusing on the object? Check the following: Is the light adjusted properly? Was the object in focus under low power? Is the oil touching the lens? Is the lens dirty?

19. Gram Stain Animations ASM Microbe Library YouTube presentation MacGraw Hill Animation