1. Econ 206(A) Tutorial 5 Costs and Revenue

2. Cost Concepts 1.Fixed Costs. Do not vary with output (rent, plant etc) 2.Variable Costs. Vary with output (wages, raw materials etc) 3.Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost

3. Totals, Averages and Marginals Total Cost (TC) = Average Cost (AC) * Quantity Produced (Q) Average Cost (AC) = Total Cost(TC)/Quantity(Q) Marginal Cost = The extra cost of producing one or more additional units of output. MC = ( TC / Q ); or MC = ( TCQ 2 – TCQ 1 )

4. Seminar Topic 1 1.Show How a Firms Short-run and Long-run Cost Curve Can be Derived From its Isoquant/Isocost Map

5. Output Expansion Path (long run) Labor (L) Capital (K) C0C0 C1C1 C2C2 Q0Q0 a b c Output Expansion Path Q1Q1 Q2Q2 C 1 > C 0 C 2 > Q 1 > Q 0 Q 2 > The output expansion path can be used to derive long run costs!

6. Long Run Total Cost Curve Output (Q) Cost Q0Q0 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 C0C0 C1C1 C2C2 a b c LTC

7. Output Expansion Path (short run) Labor (L) Capital (K) C0C0 C1C1 C2C2 Q0Q0 a b c Output Expansion Path Q1Q1 Q2Q2 C 1 > C 0 C 2 > Q 1 > Q 0 Q 2 > In the short run, K is constant. Diminishing MP L

8. Short Run Total Cost Curve Output (Q) Cost Q0Q0 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 C0C0 C1C1 C2C2 a b c STC LTC

9. Total Costs - Numerical 5040105 3727104 2919103 2414102 188101 0 0 TC(£)TVC(£)TFC (£)Output (Q)

10. Total Costs = TFC+TVC

11. Average and Marginal Costs 1310505 89.25374 59.67293 612242 818 1 100 MC(£)AC(£)TC (£)Output (Q)

12. Seminar Topic 2 Distinguish Between Internal and External Economies/Diseconomies of Scale.

13. Economies of scale Internal: –Decreases in the cost of production (increase in productivity) as output (q) of firm increases. External: –Decreases in cost of production (increase in productivity) as output (q) of industry increases. –Examples: Improved transport and communication links. Training and education becomes tailored to the industry (i.e. improved quality workers). Development of support firms and industries.

14. Revenue Total Revenue (TR ) = Quantity sold times price; P x Q Average Revenue (AR) = TR/Q; (in perfect competition this is P.) Marginal Revenue (MR) = MR = ( TR / Q ).

15. Revenue 46305 56.5264 67213 77.5152 8881 MRARTRQ

16. Seminar Topic 3 Explain Why Marginal Costs Must Equal Marginal Revenue for Profit Maximisation.

17. Profit Maximisation Profit ( )= TR – TC Largest when MR=MC. Intuition: –If MC>MR then TC is increasing quicker than TR. Hence profit is decreasing. –If MR>MC then an increase in Q will increase TR more than TC. Hence profit could be increased by producing more.

18. Profit Maximisation Rule – Numerical Example QMRMCTRTCProfit 186862 27615123 36521174 45626233 54730 0

19. Profit Maximisation Rule – Numerical Example (slight variant MC=MR) QMRMCTRTCProfit 186862 27615123 35520173 45625232 5472930