1. The World of Cities 9-2 p. 249-252

2. Medicine and Population  1800-1900: Europe population doubled because the death rate fell  Farming, food storage, and distribution improved  Medical advances and improvements in public sanitation slowed death rates

3. The Fight Against Disease  Microscopic organisms became known in 1600s  Doctors made the germ theory  1870- Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease  Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax  Discovered pasteurization  Killed disease-carrying microbes in milk

4. The Fight Against Disease  1880s- Robert Koch identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis  1914- yellow fever and malaria traced to microbes from mosquitoes  Germs causing disease made people change their clothes more often

5. In the Hospital  Early 1840s- anesthesia was used to relieve pain during surgery  Let doctors try new surgery  Patients would die days after surgery of infection from dirty instruments  Poor people would be put in hospitals as a death sentence  Florence Nightingale introduced better hygiene in hospitals and founded the first school of nursing  Joseph Lister discovered antiseptics to reduce deaths from infection

6. The Life of the Cities  Cities dominated the West as industrialization progressed  City life underwent dramatic changes

7. The Changing City Landscape  Wealth and industrialization changed the layout of western cities  There were new squares and boulevards  Avenues were lined with government buildings, offices, stores, and theaters  1850s- most extensive urban renewal took place in Paris  Destroyed tenement housing  Built wide boulevards and public buildings  Rich lived on the outskirts of the city  Poor lived in slums near the city center

8. Sidewalks, Sewers, and Skyscrapers  Paved streets made urban areas easier to live in  Street lights increased safety at night  Police forces and fire protection were organized  Sewage systems made cities healthier  1900- steel was used to make buildings  Skyscrapers were constructed

9. Slums  Urban life was hard for the poor  Working-class families could afford clothing, newspaper, or tickets to a music hall  They went home to row houses or tenements  The worst families crammed families into a single room  Unemployment or illness would ruin a family because of lost wages  Crime and alcoholism were constant

10. The Lure of the City  New residents came by excitement and for the promise of work  Cities were centers of action for tourists  Entertainment came from music halls, opera houses, theaters, and sports  Education was offered by museums and libraries

11. Working-Class Struggles  Workers tried to improve conditions of industrial life  Protested low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and threat of unemployment  Strikes and unions were illegal  Formed mutual-aid societies  Late 1800s- men could vote and workers could organize unions to bargain on their behalf

12. Working-Class Struggles  Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions  Child labor was outlawed and employment of women in mines was banned  1909- coal miners worked an eight-hour day  Old-age pensions and disability insurance were established for the hurt or ill workers  Protected workers from poverty once they were no longer able to work

13. Rising Standards of Living  Unskilled workers earned less than skilled workers  Women received less than half the pay of men doing the same work  Farm laborers barley got by in the late 1800s  Standards of living rose  Families ate more varied diets, lived in better homes, and dressed inexpensively  Medicine advancements improved health  The gap between workers and the middle class widened

14. Review  Urban Renewal- Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city  Germ Theory- Speculation that was found to be fact that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases  Women’s Suffrage- women’s right to vote  Mutual Aid Society- Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city  Standard of Living- The measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

15. Review (con’t)  Louis Pasteur- French chemist showed the link between microbes and disease created vaccines against rabies and anthrax and created the process of pasteurization, or killing disease carrying microbes in milk  Florence Nightingale- British nurse during Crimean war, worked for more sanitary hospitals, and then when the war was over return to England and campaigned for the same sanitary conditions in London hospitals.  Joseph Lister- English surgeon discovered how antiseptics prevented infection.  Why did improved sanitation develop, what theory caused people to realize they should wash hands etc.? Germ theory  Where did the poor live in cities? Slums near the city center  What group was linked to labor reform, those organizations today still are linked to labor reform? Mutual-aid societies