1. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)1 Natural functions: w Material inputs Inputs to various economic activities w Waste receptor services Acceptance of residuals (wastewater, noise) w Life-support functions A hospital, healthful environment (clean air, pure water) w Amenity services Beautiful landscapes and pleasant spaces for recreation and personal renewal

2. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)2 Are the Functions of Natural Environment Similar to Man Made Environment?

3. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)3

4. 4 What are the characteristics of environment with time and space scales?

5. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)5 Man-made environment Biotic environment Physical environment Component of Environment and Spatio- Temporal Scales Environment Local Region Country Global Distance Future Intermediate Future Present

6. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)6 Q. Are economy, society, politic and technology classified as human environment?

7. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)7 A. They are just “ mechanism ” for: - interrelationships between human and environment - interrelationships between human and human

8. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)8 w Q. What must be solved if there is any problem regarding relationships between human and environment? w Discussion?????

9. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)9 Q. How does human survive in nature?

10. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)10

11. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)11 w A. Ecosystem with 3 components w 1.Diversity of organisms w 2.Natural environment w 3.Man-made environment

12. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)12 How can we classify ecosystems in relation to degree of human influences?

13. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)13

14. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)14

15. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)15 1. Bio-ecosystem -natural components -biological processes

16. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)16 1.1 Natural ecosystem -without direct human influence -capable of self-homeostasis and self-perpetuation

17. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)17 1.2 Near-natural ecosystem -some degree of human influence -some modifications after human abandonment -self homeostasis and self-perpetuation

18. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)18 1.3 Semi-natural ecosystem -resulting from human use of 1.1 and 1.2 but not (intentionally) created -high degree of modification after human abandonment -limited capability of self homeostasis and self-perpetuation -human management required

19. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)19 1.4 Anthropogenic biotic ecosystem -intentionally created by human -completely dependent on human control and management

20. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)20  2.Techno-ecosystems w - anthropogenic (technical) systems w - dominance of technical structures (artifacts) and processes w - intentionally created by human for industrial, economic or cultural activities w - dependent on human control and on the surrounding and interspersed bio-ecosystems

21. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)21

22. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)22 Why does the oyster reef need large input and output environments?

23. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)23 Why does a city need even larger input and output environments?

24. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)24 Relationships between techno-ecosystems and bio-ecosystem

25. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)25 (Odum with caption bio-ecosystems techno-ecosystems) Parasitism

26. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)26 Human is the necessity for nature, isn't it?

27. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)27

28. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)28

29. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)29 w Q. What is more important, life or environment? w Q. Can life survive without environment? w Q. Can environment exist without life? w Q. What is more important, human or environment? w Q. Can human survive without environment? w Q. Can environment exist without human?

30. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)30 What does human's existence depend completely on?

31. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)31 w Q. What are the critical factors for survivorship of life? w A. Energy and matters. w Q. Can energy and matters be created by life? w A. No way? w Q. Where do those available energy and matters for life come from? w A. Environment of course!

32. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)32 w Q. Can life always accumulate energy and matter within them? w A. Impossible! w Q. Where could life transfer energy and matters out of them? w A. Environment again!

33. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)33 w Conclusions: w 1. Life can not exist without environment. w 2. Environment is critical to life for: w 2.1 evolutionary drive, w 2.2 providing energy and matter, w 2.3 receiving dissipated energy and matter. w 3. Environment can exist without life for most of the time. w 4. Environment is the death or alive for life.

34. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)34

35. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)35

36. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)36 Q. Do the 6 components of environment separate?

37. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)37

38. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)38 Q. What sustains life on the Earth?

39. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)39 A. 3 environmental processes 1. Material transfer 2. Energy transfer 3. Information transfer

40. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)40 w Q. Are these 3 processes also sustain human on the Earth? Discussion?

41. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)41

42. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)42 Material transfer w Key concepts w 1. Life need materials. w 2. Life can not create materials. w 3. There are limited amount of materials on the earth. w 4. Materials in environment are not always in accordance with demand of life. w 5. Variations in life for materials w 5.1 Quantity  5.2 Quality

43. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)43

44. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)44

45. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)45 w 6. Therefore, the interactions between life with the physical environment lead to cycling of matters between living and non-living parts. w 7. Life (including human) are opened systems in term of matters.

46. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)46 Law related to cycling of matters 1. Law of tolerance can be applied to both matter and physical environment.

47. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)47 2. Law of the minimum (Liebig's law of the minimum)

48. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)48

49. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)49 3. Law of the conservation of matter -matters never disappear -no "waste" in nature because of "cycling" between biotic and abiotic (physical) components -during cyclings, matters transform between "organic" and "inorganic"

50. BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001)50 Therefore, all organisms are organized into 3 groups: w 1. Producer = w Inorganics Organics w Environment Living