1. NATIVE AMERICAN: NAVAJO By: Gerardo Toribio

2. HISTORY Over 50 separate clans. 17 th century occupied region between San Juan and Little Colorado rivers in Arizona. Majority were prisoned in 1863-64, then released in 68. Given a reservation in Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. They numbered some 9,000. By 1990 they numbered 250,000. largest native American group. Reservation has grown.

3. BELIEFS Earth people and holy people. Holy people have the power to control earth people. Male female to all things above below and around. Four directions, four seasons, first four clans, and the four sacred mountains. Most ceremonies there are four songs, as well as many other uses of four. Everything on earth is alive and sacred. Two major kinds of ceremony. Blessing way Enemy way

4. WAY OF LIFE Primarily a nomadic tribe. (migratory) Farming, and hunting. Pastoral people after the Spanish introduced sheep in the 17 th century. Traditional inheritance is through the mothers line. Women have an important position in society. Religion is very complex (songs, chants, prayers, many ceremonies) Esdzanadkhi (form of mother earth)

5. CURRENT SOCIAL ISSUES Lack of education and poverty. High rate of school drop out. High rate of child mortality. Low life expectancy(55 years). Drug and alcohol abuse. High rate of unemployment. Bad conditions at the reservations.

6. MUSIC Solo pieces. Call and response. Unison chorus songs. Multipart songs. Usually begin with soft, slow drum beat and get louder and faster throughout the song. Instruments: rattles and drums. http://youtu.be/8x_osmG2xko